New Miniaturized and Space Qualified Gas Sensors for Fast Response In Situ Measurements

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanos Fasoulas ◽  
Tino Schmiel ◽  
Rainer Baumann ◽  
Martin Hoerenz ◽  
Frank Hammer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
In Situ Measurements

scholarly journals Comparison between the TOPAZ Airborne Ozone Lidar and In Situ Measurements during TexAQS 2006

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1243-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Langford ◽  
C. J. Senff ◽  
R. J. Alvarez ◽  
R. M. Banta ◽  
R. M. Hardesty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Behavior ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Lidar System ◽  
Empirical Correction ◽  
Houston Ship Channel ◽  
Very High

Abstract The NOAA airborne ozone lidar system [Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and Ozone (TOPAZ)] is compared with the fast-response chemiluminescence sensor flown aboard the NOAA WP-3D during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS). TOPAZ measurements made from the NOAA Twin Otter, flying at an altitude of ~3300 m MSL in the Houston, Texas, area on 31 August, and the Dallas, Texas, area on 13 September, show that the overall uncertainty in the 10-s (~600-m horizontal resolution) TOPAZ profiles is dominated by statistical uncertainties (1σ) of ~8 ppbv (6%–10%) at ranges of ~2300 m from the aircraft (~1000 m MSL), and ~11–27 ppbv (12%–30%) at ranges of ~2800 m (~500 m MSL). These uncertainties are substantially reduced by spatial averaging, and the averages of 11 profiles (of 110 s or 6.6-km horizontal resolution) at ~1000 m MSL are in excellent agreement (±2%) with the in situ measurements at ~500 m MSL. The TOPAZ measurements at lower altitudes on 31 August exhibit a negative bias of up to ~15%, however, when the lidar signals were strongly attenuated by very high ozone levels in the plume from the Houston Ship Channel. This bias appears to result from nonlinear behavior in the TOPAZ signal amplifiers, which is described in the companion paper by Alvarez et al. An empirical correction is presented.

The Carbon:²³⁴Thorium ratios of sinking particles in the California Current Ecosystem 2: Examination of a thorium sorption, desorption, and particle transport model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Stukel ◽  
Thomas Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Particulate Organic Carbon ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
California Current ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Sinking Particles ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration

Thorium-234 (234Th) is a powerful tracer of particle dynamics and the biological pump in the surface ocean; however, variability in carbon:thorium ratios of sinking particles adds substantial uncertainty to estimates of organic carbon export. We coupled a mechanistic thorium sorption and desorption model to a one-dimensional particle sinking model that uses realistic particle settling velocity spectra. The model generates estimates of 238U-234Th disequilibrium, particulate organic carbon concentration, and the C:234Th ratio of sinking particles, which are then compared to in situ measurements from quasi-Lagrangian studies conducted on six cruises in the California Current Ecosystem. Broad patterns observed in in situ measurements, including decreasing C:234Th ratios with depth and a strong correlation between sinking C:234Th and the ratio of vertically-integrated particulate organic carbon (POC) to vertically-integrated total water column 234Th, were accurately recovered by models assuming either a power law distribution of sinking speeds or a double log normal distribution of sinking speeds. Simulations suggested that the observed decrease in C:234Th with depth may be driven by preferential remineralization of carbon by particle-attached microbes. However, an alternate model structure featuring complete consumption and/or disaggregation of particles by mesozooplankton (e.g. no preferential remineralization of carbon) was also able to simulate decreasing C:234Th with depth (although the decrease was weaker), driven by 234Th adsorption onto slowly sinking particles. Model results also suggest that during bloom decays C:234Th ratios of sinking particles should be higher than expected (based on contemporaneous water column POC), because high settling velocities minimize carbon remineralization during sinking.

Evaluation of reanalysis and satellite-based sea surface winds using in situ measurements from Chinese Antarctic Expeditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Ming LI ◽  
Qinghua YANG ◽  
Jiechen ZHAO ◽  
Lin ZHANG ◽  
Chunhua LI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Winds ◽  
Sea Surface Winds

The effects of surcharged manholes on the travel time and dispersion of solutes in sewer systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Guymer ◽  
Rob O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Moment Method ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Time Change ◽  
Longitudinal Dispersion ◽  
Laboratory System ◽  
Environmental Load ◽  
Hydraulic Characteristics ◽  
Sewer Systems

Previously, the design of sewer systems has been limited to studies of their hydraulic characteristics, in particular the ability of the system to convey the maximum discharge. Greater environmental awareness has necessitated that new designs, and some existing schemes, are assessed to determine the environmental load which the scheme will deliver to any downstream component. This paper describes a laboratory programme which has been designed to elucidate the effects of manholes on the longitudinal dispersion of solutes. A laboratory system is described, which allows in situ measurements to be taken of the concentration of a fluorescent solute tracer, both up- and down-stream of a surcharged manhole junction. Results are presented from a preliminary series of studies undertaken for a single manhole geometry over a range of discharges, with varying levels of surcharge. Results are presented showing the variation of travel time, change in second moment of the distribution and of a dispersion factor with surcharge, assuming a Taylor approach and determining the dispersion factor using a ‘change in moment’ method. The effect of the stored volume within the manhole is clearly evident. The limitations and the applicability of this approach are discussed.

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