scholarly journals Diffusion of chemicals from the surface of pipe materials to water in hydrodynamic conditions: applications to domestic drinking water installations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Millet ◽  
P. Humeau ◽  
O. Correc ◽  
S. Aguinaga ◽  
A. Couzinet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Hydrodynamic Conditions ◽  
Pipe Materials

scholarly journals Critical Review: Propensity of Premise Plumbing Pipe Materials to Enhance or Diminish Growth of Legionella and Other Opportunistic Pathogens

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 957
Author(s):  
Abraham C. Cullom ◽  
Rebekah L. Martin ◽  
Yang Song ◽  
Krista Williams ◽  
Amanda Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Metallic Copper ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Premise Plumbing ◽  
Pipe Materials

Growth of Legionella pneumophila and other opportunistic pathogens (OPs) in drinking water premise plumbing poses an increasing public health concern. Premise plumbing is constructed of a variety of materials, creating complex environments that vary chemically, microbiologically, spatially, and temporally in a manner likely to influence survival and growth of OPs. Here we systematically review the literature to critically examine the varied effects of common metallic (copper, iron) and plastic (PVC, cross-linked polyethylene (PEX)) pipe materials on factors influencing OP growth in drinking water, including nutrient availability, disinfectant levels, and the composition of the broader microbiome. Plastic pipes can leach organic carbon, but demonstrate a lower disinfectant demand and fewer water chemistry interactions. Iron pipes may provide OPs with nutrients directly or indirectly, exhibiting a high disinfectant demand and potential to form scales with high surface areas suitable for biofilm colonization. While copper pipes are known for their antimicrobial properties, evidence of their efficacy for OP control is inconsistent. Under some circumstances, copper’s interactions with premise plumbing water chemistry and resident microbes can encourage growth of OPs. Plumbing design, configuration, and operation can be manipulated to control such interactions and health outcomes. Influences of pipe materials on OP physiology should also be considered, including the possibility of influencing virulence and antibiotic resistance. In conclusion, all known pipe materials have a potential to either stimulate or inhibit OP growth, depending on the circumstances. This review delineates some of these circumstances and informs future research and guidance towards effective deployment of pipe materials for control of OPs.

scholarly journals Effects of pipe materials on biofouling under controlled hydrodynamic conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gamri ◽  
A. Soric ◽  
S. Tomas ◽  
B. Molle ◽  
N. Roche
Keyword(s):  
Growth Control ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Hydrodynamic Conditions ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Pipe Surface ◽  
Biofilm Detachment ◽  
Pvc Pipe ◽  
Pipe Materials

Experiments were carried out to investigate pipe material impacts on biofouling, at high effluent concentration levels and under controlled hydrodynamic conditions. Two velocities (0.4 and 0.8 m s−1) were used to monitor biofilm growth on polyethylene (PE) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe walls, respectively. These conditions were established based on wastewater irrigation practices. A decrease in biomass is observed after 49 days of experiments for both velocities and may be related to biofilm detachment. Biofilm growth is greater at 0.8 m s−1. For both velocities, PVC is less sensitive to biofilm growth than PE. Pipe straightness plays a primary role in biofilm growth control. This effect is more significant than pipe surface characteristics (roughness, hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties).

scholarly journals Role of Biofilm Roughness and Hydrodynamic Conditions inLegionella pneumophilaAdhesion to and Detachment from Simulated Drinking Water Biofilms

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 4274-4282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Shen ◽  
Guillermo L. Monroy ◽  
Nicolas Derlon ◽  
Dao Janjaroen ◽  
Conghui Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Hydrodynamic Conditions

Multi-stage assessment of biofilm growth by drinking water bacteria on polymeric pipe materials

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Sójka ◽  
Patrick van Rijn ◽  
Henny van der Mei ◽  
Maria Cristina Gagliano
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Pipe Materials ◽  
Mechanical Cleaning

<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>The presence of biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) leads to a number of issues, i.e. secondary (biological) drinking water contamination, pipe damage and increased flow resistance. Among other operational factors, the selection of pipe material plays an important role in biofilm development. Up to now, the studies that have investigated this correlation provide contradictory results in terms of which material might be the most advantageous in the DWDS biofilm control strategy. Hence, to understand the influence of pipe material on biofilm formation, we focused on developing a standardized methodology that allows a multi-stage assessment of biofilm development on real pipe materials.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>Development of the methodology consisted of three steps: 1) material coupon sterilization, 2) biofilm cultivation and 3) biofilm analysis, using  transparent polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as a study material. For the coupon sterilization, methods utilizing immersion in different disinfectant solutions with and without pre-cleaning by rubbing the coupons in a surfactant solution. The results showed that mechanical cleaning before washing  is crucial and without it, reproducible sterilization was difficult to achieve. Biofilm formation on the PVC coupons was performed in a 6-well plate assay (24, 48 and 72 h; under agitation) using DWDS biofilm strains (<em>Sphingomonas spp</em>. and <em>Pseudomonas extremorientalis</em>) and <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> as a positive control. Bacterial fitness and ability to secrete EPS and form biofilms on the PVC surfaces were tested by monitoring optical density (OD600 nm), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and protein concentration. The formed biofilm and the morphology of attached bacteria were visualized using crystal violet staining (that allow qualitative (bright field microscopy) and quantitative (OD at 570 nm) evaluation), by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and DNA staining (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DAPI) with fluorescence microscopy. Combination of those techniques gave a complete overview of patterns involved in biofilm development by selected drinking water bacterial strains in presence of a PVC surface. The developed methodology was also applied  for the analysis of bacterial growth on real-grade pipe materials, such as PVC and polyethylene (PE), to understand their role in biofilm formation.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p> <p>Implementation of various analytical and microscopic techniques is important in understanding mechanisms behind biofilm development in DWDS and the influence of pipe material in the process. The proposed approach allows the observation of biofilm formation in time, but also of the typical bacterial morphology of attached cells. In this study it was shown that to obtain reproducible results, it is crucial to select an appropriate sterilization technique and the influence of mechanical cleaning cannot be ignored in preparation of polymeric surfaces.</p>

Microbial diversity in biofilms on water distribution pipes of different materials

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Yu ◽  
D. Kim ◽  
T. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Coli Strain ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Mixed Water ◽  
Pipe Materials

The effects of pipe materials on biofilm formation potential (BFP) and microbial communities in biofilms were analyzed. Pipe coupons made of six different materials (CU, copper; CP, chlorinated poly vinyl chloride; PB, polybutylene; PE, polyethylene; SS, stainless steel; ST, steel coated with zinc) were incubated in drinking water, mixed water (inoculated with 10% (v/v) of river water) and drinking water inoculated with Escherichia coli JM109 (E. coli), respectively. The highest BFPs were observed from steel pipes, SS and ST, while CU showed the lowest BFP values. Of the plastic materials, the BFP of CP in drinking water (96 pg ATP/cm2) and mixed water (183 pg ATP/cm2) were comparable to those of CU, but the other plastic materials, PB and PE, displayed relatively high BFP. The Number of E. coli in the drinking water inoculated with cultures of E. coli strain showed similar trends with BFP values of the pipe coupons incubated in drinking water and mixed water. Molecular analysis of microbial communities indicated the presence of α- and β-proteobacteria, actinobacteria and bacteroidetes in biofilm on the pipe materials. However, the DGGE profile of bacterial 16S rDNA fragments showed significant differences among different materials, suggesting that the pipe materials affect not only BFP but also microbial diversity. Some plastic materials, such as CP, would be suitable for plumbing, particularly for drinking water distribution pipes, due to its low BFP and little microbial diversity in biofilm.

A study on assessment of biomass production potential of pipe materials in contact with drinking water

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. G. Tsvetanova ◽  
E. J. Hoekstra
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Construction Products ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Pipe Materials

The point of compliance in the European Drinking Water Directive is the consumer's tap and thus a set of requirements for the quality of materials used in distribution systems is needed. On European level an approval scheme for construction products in contact with drinking water is under development. The Regulators Group proposed that the Biomass Production Potential (BPP) test should be the basis for assessment of microbial growth support properties of products in contact with drinking water. Due to a lack of data the goal of this study was to generate more information on the growth promoting properties of pipe materials of different origin using the BPP test. The pipe materials under study showed different capacity to enhance bacterial growth and their BPP values could be ranked: Cu < SS < PP < PEx < PE < PVCp. A positive correlation between the planktonic biomass (PB) and the BPP was observed. Materials with a high BPP and a relatively higher PB/BPP ratio had a higher potential to impair bacteriological water quality. The option for derivation of pass-fail criteria based on planktonic biomass was discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of pipe materials on the microbial community in unchlorinated drinking water and biofilm

2021 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 116922
Author(s):  
K.L.G. Learbuch ◽  
H. Smidt ◽  
P.W.J.J. van der Wielen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Pipe Materials
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