scholarly journals Exhaust emissions from farm tractors operating in urban areas

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lijewski ◽  
J. Merkisz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Exhaust Emissions

scholarly journals Practicalities and Driving Dynamics of a Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Euro 6 Regulation Homologation Test

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Bodisco ◽  
Ali Zare
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Certification Process ◽  
The Road ◽  
Emission Testing ◽  
On The Road

One of the most important sources of air pollution, especially in urban areas, is the exhaust emissions from passenger cars. New European emissions regulations, to minimize the gap between manufacturer-reported emissions and those emitted on the road, require new vehicles to undergo emission testing on public roads during the certification process. Outlined in the new regulation are specific boundary conditions to which the route on which the vehicle is driven must comply during a legal test. These boundary conditions, as they relate to the design and subsequent driving of a compliant route, are discussed in detail. The practicality of designing a compliant route is discussed in the context of developing a route on the Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia, in a prescriptive manner. The route itself was driven 5 times and the results compared against regulation boundary conditions.

scholarly journals Ultrafine particle formation in the inland sea breeze airflow in Southwest Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 9615-9630 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Fernández-Camacho ◽  
S. Rodríguez ◽  
J. de la Rosa ◽  
A. M. Sánchez de la Campa ◽  
M. Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Number Of Particles

Abstract. Studies on ultrafine particles (diameter < 100nm) and air quality have mostly focused on vehicle exhaust emissions and on new particle formation in "clean" ambient air. Here we present a study focused on the processes contributing to ultrafine particle concentrations in a city (Huelva, SW Spain) placed close to a coastal area where significant anthropogenic emissions of aerosol precursors occur. The overall data analysis shows that two processes predominantly contribute to the number of particles coarser than 2.5 nm: vehicle exhaust emissions and new particle formation due to photo-chemical activity. As typically occurs in urban areas, vehicle exhaust emissions result in high concentrations of black carbon (BC) and particles coarser than 2.5 nm (N) during the morning rush hours. The highest N concentrations were recorded during the 11:00–17:00 h period, under the sea breeze regime, when low BC concentrations were registered and photochemical activity resulted in high O3 levels and in new particle formation in the aerosol precursors' rich inland airflow. In this period, it is estimated that about 80% of the number of particles are linked to sulfur dioxide emissions. The contributions to N of "carbonaceous material and those compounds nucleating/condensing immediately after emission" and of the "new particle formation processes in air masses rich gaseous precursors (e.g. SO2)" were estimated by means of a relatively novel method based on simultaneous measurements of BC and N. A comparison with two recent studies suggests that the daily cycles of "new particle formation" during the inland sea breeze is blowing period seem to be a feature of ultrafine particles in coastal areas of South-west Europe.

scholarly journals Ultrafine particle formation in the inland sea breeze airflow in Southwest Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 17753-17788 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Fernández-Camacho ◽  
S. Rodríguez ◽  
J. de la Rosa ◽  
A. M. Sánchez de la Campa ◽  
M. Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Number Of Particles

Abstract. Studies on ultrafine particles and air quality have mostly focused on vehicle exhaust emissions and on new particle formation in "clean" ambient air. Here we present a study of the processes contributing to ultrafine particle concentrations in an urban coastal area (Huelva, SW Spain) where significant anthropogenic emissions of aerosol precursors occur. The overall data analysis shows that two processes predominantly contribute to the number of particles coarser than 2.5 nm: vehicle exhaust emissions and new particle formation due to photo-chemical activity. As typically occurs in urban areas, vehicle exhaust emissions result in high concentrations of black carbon (BC) and particles coarser than 2.5 nm (N) during the morning rush hours. The highest N concentrations were recorded during the 11–17 h period, under the sea breeze regime, when photochemical activity resulted in high O3 levels and new particle formation in the aerosol precursors' rich inland airflow. In this period, it is estimated that about 80% of the number of particles are linked to sulfur dioxide emissions. The contributions to N of "carbonaceous material and those compounds nucleating/condensing immediately after emission" and of the "new particle formation processes in air masses rich gaseous precursors (e.g. SO2)" were estimated by means of a relatively novel method based on simultaneous measurements of BC and N. A comparison with two recent studies suggests that the daily cycles of "new particle formation" during the period when the inland sea breeze is blowing period seem to be a feature of ultrafine particles in coastal areas of South-west Europe.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KUALITAS UDARA AMBIEN AKIBAT LALU LINTAS KENDARAAN BERMOTOR DI KAWASAN COYUDAN, SURAKARTA

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Dyah Ratri Nurmaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Access Point ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Road Segment ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
The Road ◽  
Congested Traffic

Surakarta is a city that has very rapid growth in many sectors such as in industry, services, settlements, education, trade and transportation. The main trading activity center or CBD (Central Bussiness Distric) in Surakarta City, is located in the Coyudan Surakarta shopping area, which makes this area becomes a strategic and congested traffic access point. This condition cause a high volume of traffic in the area. Motorized vehicle’s traffic activity on its road segment has a negative impact to surrounding area along the road segment as an air pollution. The more rapid transportation activities, especially motorized vehicles, are the main sources of air pollution in urban areas. The research method for this study is a survey method (for selecting research points) and approach analysis methods (using an empirical formula). The results of this study indicate that the parameters of exhaust emissions which include CO, HC, NO, and PM still meet the permitted air quality standards. However, it is expected that all people keep paying attention to both environmental conditions and the use of transportation facilities, as well as good traffic conditions, so that the problem of exhaust emissions due to traffic will not occur. Keywords: traffic, CBD and exhaust emissions.

scholarly journals Input Parameters for Airborne Brake Wear Emission Simulations: A Comprehensive Review

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 871
Author(s):  
Mostafa Rahimi ◽  
Daniele Bortoluzzi ◽  
Jens Wahlström
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
System Level ◽  
Airborne Pollutants ◽  
Subsystem Level ◽  
Brake Wear Particles ◽  
Review Study ◽  
Brake Wear ◽  
Environmental Level

Non-exhaust emissions, generated by the wear of brake systems, tires, roads, clutches, and road resuspension, are responsible for a large part of airborne pollutants in urban areas. Brake wear accounts for 55% of non-exhaust emissions and significantly contributes to urban health diseases related to air pollution. A major part of the studies reported in the scientific literature are focused on experimental methods to sample and characterize brake wear particles in a reliable, representative, and repeatable way. In this framework, simulation is an important tool, which makes it possible to give interpretations of the experimental results, formulate new testing approaches, and predict the emission produced by brakes. The present comprehensive literature review aims to introduce the state of the art of the research on the different aspects of airborne wear debris resulting from brake systems which can be used as inputs in future simulation models. In this review, previous studies focusing on airborne emissions produced by brake systems are investigated in three main categories: the subsystem level, system level, and environmental level. As well as all the information provided in the literature, the simulation methodologies are also investigated at all levels. It can be concluded from the present review study that various factors, such as the uncertainty and repeatability of the brake wear experiments, distinguish the results of the subsystem and system levels. This gap should be taken into account in the development of future experimental and simulation methods for the investigation of airborne brake wear emissions.

scholarly journals Real-World Fuel Consumption, Fuel Cost and Exhaust Emissions of Different Bus Powertrain Technologies

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Rodman Oprešnik ◽  
Tine Seljak ◽  
Rok Vihar ◽  
Marko Gerbec ◽  
Tomaž Katrašnik
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real World ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Hybrid Topology ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fuel Costs ◽  
Pm10 Mass

Air quality in urban areas is strongly influenced by exhaust emitted by the public transport fleet. The aim of this study was to analyze benefits in the fuel consumption, fuel costs and exhaust emissions when replacing baseline diesel fueled EURO III city buses by the compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled EURO V buses and by hydraulic series hybrid diesel-fueled EURO V buses. Real-world measurements were performed on the regular bus route to access realistic energy consumption and exhaust emissions. Instantaneous gaseous emission (CO2, CO, NOx and THC) were measured together with the instantaneous PM10 mass emission. Innovativeness of the presented approach thus arises from the systematic comparison of different powertrain technologies under real-world drive cycles and measuring time traces of not only gaseous but also of PM10 mass emissions. Furthermore, lumped cycle averaged emissions are interpreted and explained by typical powertrain performance parameters and exhaust emission time traces. Cumulative results indicate that application of the CNG fueled buses does not necessary reduce CO2 emissions compared to diesel-fueled buses whereas reduction in fuel costs is evident. Additionally, it is shown that hybrid operation of the hydraulic series hybrid diesel-fueled bus resulted in higher fuel consumption due to poorly optimized hybrid topology and control strategy. Furthermore, analyses of the time traces point out inadequate lambda control of CNG-fueled buses and nucleation mode-based particle number emissions during deceleration.

Characterization of Driving Patterns and Operations of Heavy Duty Vehicles in a Port Area and Their Influence on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption Evaluation Through Different Emission Models

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Zamboni ◽  
S. Malfettani ◽  
M. André ◽  
C. Carraro ◽  
S. Marelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Port Area ◽  
Emission Models ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicles

An experimental and theoretical investigation is being performed with a view to evaluate the contribution of Heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) to exhaust emissions and fuel consumption in urban areas involved by commercial shipping activities. Reference is made to the city of Genoa, whose urban road network is influenced both by shipping activities and highway connections, as more than twenty accesses to port area and seven motorway exits are available within the urban area. Different aspects were deepened in this study. Firstly, the HDV flows crossing highway exits, urban zones and port areas were assessed, as well as the relevant vehicle classes. Secondly, the typical urban trips linking highway exits to port gates and the HDV mission profiles within the port area were identified. Measurements of HDV instantaneous speed related to the urban trips were then planned aiming at the definition of the most representative speed patterns through a proper statistical data processing, enabling the application of Passenger Car and Heavy Duty Emission Model (PHEM) for the estimation of emission and fuel consumption factors for selected HDV classes. The main results of the different investigation steps are presented and discussed in the paper, outlining the peculiar mission of HDVs in port area and the related emissive behavior.

scholarly journals An Overview on the Catalytic Materials Proposed for the Simultaneous Removal of NOx and Soot

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3551
Author(s):  
Lidia Castoldi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Lean Nox Trap ◽  
Simultaneous Removal ◽  
Vehicular Pollution ◽  
Catalytic Systems

Vehicular pollution has become a major problem in urban areas due to the exponential increase in the number of automobiles. Typical exhaust emissions, which include nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and particulate matter (PM), doubtless have important negative effects on the environment and human health, including cardiovascular effects such as cardiac arrhythmias and heart attacks, and respiratory effects such as asthma attacks and bronchitis. The mitigation measures comprise either the use of clean alternative fuels or the use of innovative technologies. Several existing emission control technologies have proven effective at controlling emissions individually, such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and lean NOx trap (LNT) to reduce NOx and diesel particulate filter (DPF) specifically for PM abatement. These after-treatment devices are the most profitable means to reduce exhaust emissions to acceptable limits (EURO VI norms) with very little or no impact on the engine performances. Additionally, the relative lack of physical space in which to install emissions-control equipment is a key challenge for cars, especially those of small size. For this reason, to reduce both volume and cost of the after-treatment devices integrated catalytic systems (e.g., a sort of a “single brick”) have been proposed, reducing both NOx and PM simultaneously. This review will summarize the currently reported materials for the simultaneous removal of NOx and soot, with particular attention to their nature, properties, and performances.

scholarly journals Measuring the Influences and Impacts of Signalized Intersection Delay Reduction on the Fuel Consumption, Operation Cost and Exhaust Emissions

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamil Ahmed Flamarz Al-Arkawazi
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Signalized Intersection ◽  
Delay Reduction ◽  
Air Pollutions ◽  
Operation Cost

With the rapid urban expansion and economic development, vehicle fuel dissipation and exhaust emissions have been identified as major energy wastage and urban air pollutions in Kalar City and Iraqi Kurdistan Region in general. Traffic congestion is a growing problem in Kalar City and other urban areas. As it increases, the delay at the transportation network will increase. Any increase of the delay in the transportation network will reflect negatively by increasing the delay at the signalized intersections. Therefore, a study on delay and its relation to fuel consumption, operation cost and emissions at signalized intersection are necessary. This paper, studies the influences and impacts of signalized intersection delay reduction on the fuel consumption, operation cost, and exhaust emissions. A simulation is carried out to evaluate the existing conditions of selected intersections by estimating the intersection delay, operation cost, and emissions. The simulation results show that fuel consumption, operation cost, and emissions are high and directly proportional to the intersection delay. To reduce intersection delay, a signal timing optimization is carried out to the selected intersections. The optimization results show that the delay reduction has a significant influence and impacts in reducing; fuel wastage, operation cost, and exhaust emissions.

Air Pollution by the Exhaust Emissions from Construction Machinery under Actual Operating Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 390 ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Lijewski ◽  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Pawel Fuc ◽  
Miloslaw Kozak ◽  
Lukasz Rymaniak
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Construction Machinery ◽  
Actual Operating ◽  
On Line ◽  
Emission Limits

The paper discusses the problem of exhaust emissions from non-road vehicles. In many cities there are low emission zones for vehicles. Unfortunately non-road engines are excluded from this restriction e.g. construction machinery operates on construction sites, including those located in the said zones. Therefore, the paper presents the results of the exhaust emission tests from an excavator under actual operating conditions. For the tests the authors used a portable exhaust emissions analyzer SEMTECH DS by Sensors for the measurement of gaseous exhaust emissions and SEMTECH LAM for the measurement of the emission of Particulate Matter. The analyzers provide an on-line measurement of the concentrations of the exhaust components under actual operating conditions. The tests performed under actual traffic conditions provide invaluable information regarding the emission during actual operating conditions. In the paper the authors analyzed the relations between the engine operating parameters, vehicle parameters, road conditions (traffic congestion) and the exhaust emissions. The authors, despite differences in the methodology, also presented a comparison of the obtained results with the currently applicable exhaust emission limits in order to draw attention to this issue in urban areas.

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