scholarly journals Does predation danger on southward migration curtail parental investment by female western sandpipers?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Emily Jamieson ◽  
Ronald C Ydenberg ◽  
David B Lank
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Predation Danger ◽  
Western Sandpipers ◽  
Southward Migration

AbstractTheory predicts that if extending parental care delays migratory departure, and if later migration is more dangerous, then parental care should be curtailed to make an earlier departure. Adult western sandpipers (

Are parental care trade-offs in shorebirds driven by parental investment or sexual selection?

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. OLSON ◽  
T. J. WEBB ◽  
R. P. FRECKLETON ◽  
T. SZÉKELY
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Simultaneous GPS-tracking of parents reveals a similar parental investment within pairs, but no immediate co-adjustment on a trip-to-trip basis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa M. Kavelaars ◽  
Jan M. Baert ◽  
Jolien Van Malderen ◽  
Eric W. M. Stienen ◽  
Judy Shamoun-Baranes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Gps Tracking ◽  
Nest Attendance ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Foraging Effort ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Larus Fuscus ◽  
Underlying Processes

Abstract Background Parental care benefits the offspring, but comes at a cost for each parent, which in biparental species gives rise to a conflict between partners regarding the within-pair distribution of care. Pair members could avoid exploitation by efficiently keeping track of each other’s efforts and coordinating their efforts. Parents may, therefore, space their presence at the nest, which could also allow for permanent protection of the offspring. Additionally, they may respond to their partner’s previous investment by co-adjusting their efforts on a trip-to-trip basis, resulting in overall similar parental activities within pairs. Methods We investigated the coordination of parental care measured as nest attendance and foraging effort in the Lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus), a species with long nest bouts that performs extended foraging trips out of sight of their partner. This was achieved by GPS-tracking both pair members simultaneously during the entire chick rearing period. Results We found that the timing of foraging trips (and hence nest attendance) was coordinated within gull pairs, as individuals left the colony only after their partner had returned. Parents did not match their partner’s investment by actively co-adjusting their foraging efforts on a trip-by-trip basis. Yet, pair members were similar in their temporal and energetic investments during chick rearing. Conclusion Balanced investment levels over a longer time frame suggest that a coordination of effort may not require permanent co-adjustment of the levels of care on a trip-to-trip basis, but may instead rather take place at an earlier stage in the reproductive attempt, or over integrated longer time intervals. Identifying the drivers and underlying processes of coordination will be one of the next necessary steps to fully understand parental cooperation in long-lived species.

scholarly journals One hundred million years of skin feeding? Extended parental care in a Neotropical caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Wilkinson ◽  
Alexander Kupfer ◽  
Rafael Marques-Porto ◽  
Hilary Jeffkins ◽  
Marta M Antoniazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
South American ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
Unusual Form ◽  
Cloacal Opening ◽  
Extended Parental Care

Maternal dermatophagy, the eating of maternal skin by offspring, is an unusual form of parental investment involving co-evolved specializations of both maternal skin and offspring dentition, which has been recently discovered in an African caecilian amphibian. Here we report the discovery of this form of parental care in a second, distantly related Neotropical species Siphonops annulatus, where it is characterized by the same syndrome of maternal and offspring specializations. The detailed similarities of skin feeding in different caecilian species provide strong evidence of its homology, implying its presence in the last common ancestor of these species. Biogeographic considerations, the separation of Africa and South American land masses and inferred timescales of amphibian diversification all suggest that skin feeding is an ancient form of parental care in caecilians, which has probably persisted in multiple lineages for more than 100 Myr. These inferences support the hypotheses that (i) maternal dermatophagy is widespread in oviparous direct-developing caecilians, and (ii) that viviparous caecilians that feed on the hypertrophied maternal oviduct evolved from skin-feeding ancestors. In addition to skin-feeding, young S. annulatus were observed to congregate around, and imbibe liquid exuded from, the maternal cloacal opening.

Male parental care, differential parental investment by females and sexual selection

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1507-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDERS PAPE MØLLER ◽  
RANDY THORNHILL
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Parental Investment

Examination of Parental Investment in Nest Defence in a Tropical Songbird, the Pied Bush Chat (Saxicola Caprata)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Navjeevan Dadwal ◽  
Dinesh Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Nest Defence ◽  
Alarm Calls ◽  
Nest Protection ◽  
Himalayan Foothills ◽  
Defence Behaviour ◽  
Parental Aggression

Most animals that demonstrate parental care are also engaged in such behaviour that increases their offspring chance of survival when confronted by a predator. The present study is equipped with a detailed account of the parental investment in nest defence behaviour of a tropic zone (Haridwar, Himalayan foothills, India) inhabiting species, the Pied Bush Chat ( Saxicola caprata) (PBC). During simulated nest defence treatments, we recorded two distinct types of calls which were used during the display of parental aggression by PBCs, threat calls and alarm calls. Significant differences were noted for the usage of the threat calls over the alarm calls during nest defence. For the most part males were found to be more aggressive than females (on the basis of their call rates) during the simulated attacks of the decoy predator. Results also indicated that parental aggression was more inclined towards nestlings than that of the eggs. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that the nest protection intensity increases with the progression of the nesting cycle.

Parental care and brood division in a songbird, the black redstart

Behaviour ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 142 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1495-1514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tudor I. Draganoiu ◽  
Laurent Nagle ◽  
Raphael Musseau ◽  
Michel Kreutzer
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Brood Division ◽  
Black Redstart ◽  
Phoenicurus Ochruros ◽  
Brood Desertion

AbstractSexual conflict over parental care can be mediated through differences in male and female overall feeding rates, brood division or both. At present, it is not clear whether post-fledging brood division occurs due to sexual conflict over parental investment or is due to bi-parental cooperation, e.g. increase offspring fitness. We provide evidence suggesting that brood division in the black redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros is due to sexual conflict. Males and females had similar feeding contributions during the nestling stage, which is common for most passerine species. After fledging, each parent showed long-term feeding preferences for particular chicks within the brood. In most cases (74%; 17/23) both parents provided care but males tended to feed less fledglings than females did and in about a quarter of cases (26%; 6/23) females fed the whole brood by themselves. The relative amount of male to female post-fledging feedings showed a significant negative relationship with the proportion of fledglings cared for exclusively by the male. These results suggest (1) a close link between the amount of parental care and brood division; (2) sexual conflict can be mediated through brood division; (3) female redstarts appear to loose this conflict more often than male redstarts, with in the extreme cases males showing post-fledging brood desertion. A literature review shows brood division to occur in at least a dozen of songbird species but male black redstarts have the lowest relative post-fledging parental investment, expressed either as feeding rates or number of chicks in care.

scholarly journals Why is mutual mate choice not the norm? Operational sex ratios, sex roles and the evolution of sexually dimorphic and monomorphic signalling

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1419) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kokko ◽  
R. A. Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Operational Sex Ratio ◽  
Encounter Rate ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Biparental Care ◽  
Mutual Mate Choice

Biases in the operational sex ratio (OSR) are seen as the fundamental reason behind differential competition for mates in the two sexes, and as a strong determinant behind differences in choosiness. This view has been challenged by Kokko and Monaghan, who argue that sex–specific parental investment, mortalities, mate–encounter rates and quality variation determine the mating system in a way that is not reducible to the OSR. We develop a game–theoretic model of choosiness, signalling and parental care, to examine (i) whether the results of Kokko and Monaghan remain robust when its simplifying assumptions are relaxed, (ii) how parental care coevolves with mating strategies and the OSR and (iii) why mutual mate choice is observed relatively rarely even when both sexes vary in quality. We find qualitative agreement with the simpler approach: parental investment is the primary determinant of sex roles instead of the OSR, and factors promoting choosiness are high species–specific mate–encounter rate, high sex–specific mate–encounter rate, high cost of breeding (parental investment), low cost of mate searching and highly variable quality of the opposite sex. The coevolution of parental care and mating strategies hinders mutual mate choice if one parent can compensate for reduced care by the other, but promotes it if offspring survival depends greatly on biparental care. We argue that the relative rarity of mutual mate choice is not due to biases in the OSR. Instead, we describe processes by which sexual strategies tend to diverge. This divergence is prevented, and mutual mate choice maintained, if synergistic benefits of biparental care render parental investment both high and not too different in the two sexes.

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