Operant Stimulus Control Applied to Maze Behavior: II. Positive Reinforcement of Discrimination Reversal in Rats

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1237-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Discrimination Reversal

4 rats were reinforced with cream and sugar for traversing a 4-ft. runway which allowed right and left approaches to separate goal boxes. After each S had satisfied 3 criteria of stable responses to a goal, the path to that goal was blocked by a door, thus requiring a discrimination reversal. All Ss met the same criteria of stability through 2 to 4 reversals as a decreasing function of number of reinforced trials.

A Self-Control Approach to Reducing Smoking

1972 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary B. Harris ◽  
Carole Rothberg
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Behavior Modification ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Control Approach

A self-control program for reducing smoking which emphasized the use of record-keeping, positive reinforcement, punishment, stimulus control, breaking up the chain of behaviors, and other behavior modification techniques was developed and tried out with 5 Ss. The flexibility and economy of such a program suggest that more widespread tests of its effectiveness would be worthwhile.

scholarly journals MODIFIKASI PERILAKU KONTAK MATA PADA ANAK DENGAN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-52
Author(s):  
Dewa Ayu Diah Tri Paramita Putri Nida ◽  
Fenny Hartiani
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Transfer Of Stimulus Control

Anak-anak dengan autisme mengalami defisit dalam kemampuan berkomunikasi dan interaksi sosial. Salah satu defisit yang terlihat dalam kontak sosial adalah kurangnya kontak mata, padahal kontak mata sangat penting bagi anak untuk mengembangkan keterampilan yang lebih kompleks, seperti kemampuan bahasa, keterampilan sosial serta memberikan pengaruh terhadap pendidikan dan pemahaman anak dengan Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut, perlu dilakukan pemberian intervensi yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan kontak mata pada anak-anak ASD. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi efektifitas teknik modifikasi perilaku untuk memperbaiki perilaku kontak mata pada anak dengan gangguan spektrum autisme (ASD). Penelitian ini menggunakan single case experimental A-B design. Partisipanadalah satu anak dengan diagnosis ASD berinisial S. Intervensi dilakukan sebanyak 16 sesi menggunakan teknik modifikasi perilaku seperti Prompting, transfer of stimulus control atau fading dan positive reinforcement. Analisis dilakukan dengan melihat perbandingan kemunculan perilaku kontak mata sebelum dan sesudah intervensi dilakukan.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa program modifikasi perilaku pada subjek telah mampu meningkatkan perilaku kontak mata pada anak dengan ASD. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya, untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih baik, instruksi yang diberikan harus konsisten, penerapan intervensi lebih disukai untuk tidak menimbulkan ketidaknyamanan bagi anak-anak dan penguatan yang harus melibatkan subjek untuk membuat kontak mata berlangsung lebih lama. 

Effets du Renforcement Positif, de la Punition et du Contrôle Du Stimulus Dans Le Traitement d'un Tiqueur

1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
Gilles Trudel ◽  
André Soulières ◽  
Gilles Gaudette
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Psychotic Patient ◽  
Behaviour Problems ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
First Session

Two procedures were used to treat tics in a psychotic patient who also had many severe behaviour problems. The first step in the treatment consisted of a technique based on positive reinforcement and punishment. Applying this technique, the tics were almost eliminated at the termination of the first session. However, the withdrawal of this technique at the thirteenth session resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of tics. A technique based on stimulus control begun at the fourteenth session and continued until termination of the treatment resulted in a progressive decrease in the rate of tics. At the seventeenth session, the withdrawal of this procedure did not cause an important increase in the frequency of tics. This technique was used until the tics disappeared entirely. A two-year follow-up revealed that the patient was free of the symptoms.

Limitations of Riess and Farrar's Rapid-Acquisition, High-Efficiency Paradigm for Unsignalled Shuttlebox Avoidance

1981 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Cotton
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Operant Behavior ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Shock Rate ◽  
Shuttlebox Avoidance ◽  
Probability Of Occurrence ◽  
Rapid Acquisition ◽  
Probabilistic Scheduling ◽  
Initial Shock

Three groups of rats were given brief, inescapable shocks in a shuttlebox on the average of one every 5, 10, or 20 sec., respectively. Each group was divided into four subgroups, able to reduce the probability of occurrence of the next shock by 75%, 50%, 25%, or not at all, respectively. For all initial shock rates a greater reduction in the probability of occurrence of shock led to a higher percentage of avoidable shocks being avoided. The ratio of non-shock-elicited responses to shocks increased for initial shock rates of one per 5 and 10 sec. when associated with greater reductions in shock probability but the ratio decreased for an initial shock rate of one per 20 sec. for greater reductions in shock probability. The most plausible explanation is in terms of the stimulus control of behavior similar to that invoked for operant behavior under multiple probabilistic scheduling of positive reinforcement.

Self-Injurious Behavior vs. Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Crisis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Bloom ◽  
Shareen Holly ◽  
Adam M. P. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Cns Stimulant ◽  
Nonsuicidal Self Injury

Background: Historically, the field of self-injury has distinguished between the behaviors exhibited among individuals with a developmental disability (self-injurious behaviors; SIB) and those present within a normative population (nonsuicidal self-injury; NSSI),which typically result as a response to perceived stress. More recently, however, conclusions about NSSI have been drawn from lines of animal research aimed at examining the neurobiological mechanisms of SIB. Despite some functional similarity between SIB and NSSI, no empirical investigation has provided precedent for the application of SIB-targeted animal research as justification for pharmacological interventions in populations demonstrating NSSI. Aims: The present study examined this question directly, by simulating an animal model of SIB in rodents injected with pemoline and systematically manipulating stress conditions in order to monitor rates of self-injury. Methods: Sham controls and experimental animals injected with pemoline (200 mg/kg) were assigned to either a low stress (discriminated positive reinforcement) or high stress (discriminated avoidance) group and compared on the dependent measures of self-inflicted injury prevalence and severity. Results: The manipulation of stress conditions did not impact the rate of self-injury demonstrated by the rats. The results do not support a model of stress-induced SIB in rodents. Conclusions: Current findings provide evidence for caution in the development of pharmacotherapies of NSSI in human populations based on CNS stimulant models. Theoretical implications are discussed with respect to antecedent factors such as preinjury arousal level and environmental stress.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document