Resistance to Extinction as a Function of Instrumental Training under Two Levels of Food Deprivation and a Shift in Incentive

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 783-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin H. Marx
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Extinction Performance ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Instrumental Training ◽  
Terminal Level

Four groups of 8 albino rats each were magazine trained under high or low drive, barpress trained with the same 32% sucrose incentive or water (designed to produce “frustration”), and tested in extinction with an inoperative magazine. The results confirmed earlier ones obtained with an inaccessible-food training operation in that the major factor determining extinction performance was terminal level of reinforced responding in training.

scholarly journals Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Activity in Insulin-Resistant RodentPsammomys Obesus

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Meyerovitch ◽  
Yigal Balta ◽  
Ehud Ziv ◽  
Joseph Sack ◽  
Eleazar Shafrir
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Protein Band ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Ptpase Activity

Phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) activity and its regulation by overnight food deprivation were studied inPsammomys obesus(sand rat), a gerbil model of insulin resistance and nutritionally induced diabetes mellitus. PTPase activity was measured using a phosphopeptide substrate containing a sequence identical to that of the major site of insulin receptor (IR) β-subunit autophosphorylation. The PTPase activity in membrane fractions was 3.5-, 8.3-, and 5.9-fold lower in liver, fat, and skeletal muscle, respectively, compared with corresponding tissues of albino rat.Western blotting of tissue membrane fractions inPsammomysshowed lower PTPase and IR than in albino rats. The density of PTPase transmembrane protein band was 5.5-fold lower in liver and 12-fold lower in adipose tissue. Leukocyte antigen receptor (LAR) and IR were determined by specific immunoblotting and protein bands densitometry and were also found to be 6.3-fold lower in the liver and 22-fold lower in the adipose tissue in the hepatic membrane fractions. Liver cytosolic PTPase activity after an overnight food deprivation in the nondiabeticPsammomysrose 3.7-fold compared with postprandial PTPase activity, but it did not change significantly in diabetic fasted animals. Similar fasting-related changes were detected in the activity of PTPase derived from membrane fraction. In conclusion, the above data demonstrate that despite the insulin resistance,Psammomysis characterized by low level of PTPase activities in membrane and cytosolic fractions in all 3 major insulin responsive tissues, as well as in liver. PTPase activity does not rise in activity as a result of insulin resistance and nutritionally induced diabetes.

Extinction Performance as a Function of N-R Transitions and Intertrial Reinforcement with Extended Partial Reinforcement Training

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 765-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Spivey ◽  
David T. Hess ◽  
James Klemic
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Extinction Performance ◽  
Extended Training ◽  
Consistent Reinforcement ◽  
Intertrial Reinforcement ◽  
Partial Reinforcement Training

3 groups of albino rats were given 96 acquisition trials in a runway. One group (C) was given consistent reinforcement, while the other 2 groups (PN, PR) received the same partial reinforcement pattern, RRNNRRNN, on each day. Following Trial 4 for Group PN and Trial 5 for Groups PR and C., Ss were given intertrial reinforcement. In extinction the groups were ordered PR, PN, C, with Group PR being most resistant to extinction. Taken in conjunction with the results of studies involving abbreviated training, the findings were interpreted as supporting the view that the same variables or processes influence extinction performance following both abbreviated and extended training. The results were further interpreted as supporting the modified aftereffects hypothesis.

Insulin, Exercise, and Dietary Effects upon Behavioral Thermoregulation in Albino Rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Kimberly E. Tyler ◽  
Nancy Hartzog ◽  
Joseph M. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Operant Behavior ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Functional Relationships

The objectives of this exploratory research were to assess the effects of insulin preparations (Humulin-regular and NPH) on operant behavior reinforced by schedules of microwave radiation in a cold environment and to measure changes in this thermoregulatory behavior as a function of exercise and food deprivation. Eight albino rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 6-sec. exposures of microwave (MW) radiation (SAR = 0.34 Watts/kg/(mW/cm2) under FR-1 and FR-10 schedules. Regular-insulin and NPH-insulin sessions were administered alternately with saline-control sessions for 8-hr. durations. Exercise in an activity wheel and 48 hr. of food deprivation (diet) were additional independent variables used to alter thermoregulation. Three randomized-block analysis of variance designs with repeated measures showed that insulin preparations resulted in a suppression of operant responding for heat, yet food deprivation increased rates of microwave responding. These data are interpreted in terms of functional relationships between ambient temperature changes, core body temperature, blood glucose fluctuations, and operant behavior.

Food Deprivation, Estrogen Levels and Self-Stimulation in the Female Rat

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 655-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irmingard I. Lenzer
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
The Self ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Stimulation Rate ◽  
Motivational Systems ◽  
Estrogen Effects ◽  
Self Stimulation ◽  
The Brain

The effects of two concurrently changing drive variables, food deprivation and estrogen level, on the self-stimulation rate in the hypothalamus, septum, caudate nucleus, or dorsal hippocampus of 15 female albino rats were studied. When the effects of hunger were calculated using only scores on days of diestrus and the effects of estrogen were calculated using only scores on days of 0-hr. food deprivation, the correlation of these hunger and estrogen effects amounted to 0.67. When the hunger effects were calculated using only scores on days of estrus and these hunger effects correlated with the previously calculated estrogen effects, the correlation amounted to −0.49. These results are consistent with the concept of diffuse overlapping motivational systems in the brain. Controls indicated that the changes in self-stimulation rate were not artifacts of changes in nonspecific activity.

The Rat's Adjustment to Repeated Exposure to 72-Hour Food Deprivation

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-472
Author(s):  
John H. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Required

18 male albino rats were exposed to repeated cycles of 72-hr. food deprivation and 120 hr. of recovery. Over successive recovery periods Ss exhibited increases in food intake, decreases in wheel running, and decreases in the amount of recovery time required to regain and surpass pre-deprivation body-weight levels. Increases in activity occurred during 72-hr. deprivation and were found to show an increase over successive deprivations. In a second phase of the experiment the response to 72-hr. deprivation with increases in wheel running was found to be greater for rats permitted to run during recovery than for rats not permitted to run during recovery. These findings suggested that the response to 72-hr. deprivation with increases in activity is determined in part by a previous history of opportunity for reinforcement of the wheel-running response by ingestion.

Contingent and Noncontingent Schedules of Continuous and Partial Reward in Rats

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 975-982
Author(s):  
Patrick E. Campbell ◽  
Dean L. Fixsen
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Partial Reward ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Extinction Performance ◽  
Contingent Reward ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dissonance Theory

The effects of contingent reward (R) and nonreward (N) and noncontingent reward (r) and nonreward (n) on extinction performance were investigated. Both R and N were delivered contingently on a runway running response while r and n were delivered by placing Ss directly into the goal box. In acquisition, the 32 albino rats were given 5 contingent trials and 4 noncontingent placements each day for 2 days. Group CC received the daily sequence RrRrRrRrR; Group CP, RnRrRnRrR; Group PC, RxNrRrNrR; and Group PP, RnNrRnNrR. 15 extinction trials were given with 5 trials per day. An analysis of variance applied to the mean log total times in extinction showed that Group CP was significantly more resistant to extinction than Group CC and that Group PP was more resistant to extinction than Group PC. Neither the difference between Groups CC and PC nor the difference between Group CP and PP approached significance. The results were discussed in terms of their relevance to the modified aftereffects hypothesis and dissonance theory.

Pattern and Quality of Reinforcement in Extinction in Albino Rats

1972 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-366
Author(s):  
William N. Boyer ◽  
Henry A. Cross ◽  
Raymond Russin
Keyword(s):  
Albino Rats ◽  
Sucrose Reward ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Sequential Theory ◽  
Quality Of Reinforcement

This experiment examined the effects of successive (3 or 1) nonrewards prior to a sucrose reward and the effects of successive (3 or 1) alfalfa rewards prior to a sucrose reward on resistance to extinction. Long runs of nonrewards or long runs of alfalfa rewards led to greater resistance to extinction than did short runs. Ss who experienced nonrewards and those who experienced alfalfa rewards were not substantially different from each other. The findings were discussed within Capaldi's sequential theory.

scholarly journals Resistance to Extinction as a Function of Differential Levels of Drive and Effortfulness of Response

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Food Delivery ◽  
High Food ◽  
Extinction Data ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
Delivery Mechanism

Rats were trained on a crf schedule for bar-pressing requiring different amounts of force to activate the food delivery mechanism. Ss were given 480 reinforced trials under either low, medium, or high food deprivation. Extinction data showed a significant effect of food deprivation; however, neither effortfulness of responses nor its interaction with deprivation was significant.

Partial Reinforcement Acquisition and Extinction as Function of Odor Control

1973 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-234
Author(s):  
Robert E. Prytula ◽  
H. R. Anderson ◽  
Douglas M. Kerr ◽  
Cecil C. Bridges
Keyword(s):  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
Goal Speed ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Odor Control ◽  
Resistance To Extinction

3 groups of albino rats were run in a runway under the same schedule of reward and nonreward, magnitude of reward, N-length and intertrial interval but differed in terms of odor conditions. Theoretically all groups should have been equally resistant to extinction. The results showed that evacuating odors during acquisition and extinction increased goal speed and resistance to extinction. When odors were not exhausted or were intensified, Ss extinguished at a much faster rate. The study points to the importance of odor control when running Ss in an alley.

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