Word Imageability Effects on Naming: A Pilot Investigation of Beginning Readers of Turkish

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilhan Raman
Keyword(s):  
Word Naming ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Poor Readers ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Orthographic Transparency ◽  
Semantic Variable ◽  
Pilot Investigation

Word imageability, a semantic variable, in naming by beginning readers of English is well documented particularly with poor readers naming high image-able words more accurately than low imageable words. The present study examined the role of imageability on word naming by 20 good and 20 poor beginning readers as a function of orthographic transparency by utilizing the peculiarities of the transparent Turkish writing system. Neither good nor poor beginning readers show any evidence of imageability for Turkish suggesting that the contribution of imageability to word naming may indeed be determined by orthographic transparency. Implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Perseverative Cognition and Snack Choice: An Online Pilot Investigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Eschle ◽  
Dane McCarrick
Keyword(s):  
Food Choice ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Risk Behaviours ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Perseverative Cognition ◽  
Pilot Investigation ◽  
Perseverative Thinking ◽  
Snack Consumption ◽  
Unhealthy Snacks

Perseverative cognition (PC), consisting of worry and rumination, has been consistently linked to a variety of poorer health outcomes, namely via the worsening of stress-induced health risk behaviours. However, research into PC and unhealthy food choice, a key health behaviour, still remains relatively unexplored. In the current pilot investigation, 284 participants were recruited to take part in an online food choice paradigm before completing the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ) and the Brief State Rumination Inventory (BSRI). As a reduced availability of unhealthy snacks has been shown to improve snack choice, participants were randomly allocated to either an even condition (a 3:3 ratio of ≤99 kcal and ≥199 kcal snacks) or an uneven condition (a 4:2 ratio in favour of ≤99 kcal snacks). It was hypothesized that higher levels of PC may predict greater instances of poorer snack choices across, or even within, this paradigm. Despite an increase availability of lower calorie snacks leading to a healthier snack choice, both state and trait PC measures did not significantly influence snack choice irrespective of this varying availability. Although, marginal trends were found for higher state PC and higher calorie crisp selections. The current pilot therefore adds to the growing literature advocating for the use of behavioural economic tactics to engender healthier food choices, yet further work is needed to unpick the mediating role of PC (and its components) in snack consumption paradigms.

Orthographic Analogies and Reading Development

1988 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usha Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Reading Development ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Developmental Issues ◽  
Skilled Reading

Given the interest in the use of orthographic analogies in skilled reading, the role of analogies in reading development has received surprisingly little attention. The experiments presented here examine three important developmental issues: whether beginning readers can make orthographic analogies, how the consistency of spelling–sound relations affects this ability, and whether orthographic analogies are used in reading prose. It is concluded that orthographic analogies have an important role to play in reading development, and some suggestions are offered as to why this may be so.

scholarly journals The Brain Basis of the Phonological Deficit in Dyslexia Is Independent of IQ

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1442-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroko Tanaka ◽  
Jessica M. Black ◽  
Charles Hulme ◽  
Leanne M. Stanley ◽  
Shelli R. Kesler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Poor Readers ◽  
Poor Reading ◽  
Iq Scores ◽  
Low Iq ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Multivariate Pattern

Although the role of IQ in developmental dyslexia remains ambiguous, the dominant clinical and research approaches rely on a definition of dyslexia that requires reading skill to be significantly below the level expected given an individual’s IQ. In the study reported here, we used functional MRI (fMRI) to examine whether differences in brain activation during phonological processing that are characteristic of dyslexia were similar or dissimilar in children with poor reading ability who had high IQ scores (discrepant readers) and in children with poor reading ability who had low IQ scores (nondiscrepant readers). In two independent samples including a total of 131 children, using univariate and multivariate pattern analyses, we found that discrepant and nondiscrepant poor readers exhibited similar patterns of reduced activation in brain areas such as left parietotemporal and occipitotemporal regions. These results converge with behavioral evidence indicating that, regardless of IQ, poor readers have similar kinds of reading difficulties in relation to phonological processing.

Poor readers in adulthood: Psychosocial functioning

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Maughan ◽  
Ann Hagell
Keyword(s):  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Poor Readers ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Reading Groups ◽  
Adult Functioning ◽  
Childhood Reading

AbstractSamples of poor and normal readers were followed into early adulthood to assess the implications of childhood reading difficulties for the transition to adulthood, and for early adult psychosocial functioning. Some group differences were found in patterns of early adult transitions, and, for women only, on wider measures of early adult functioning. Global self-esteem in adulthood did not differ between the childhood reading groups, and there were few marked variations in vulnerability to later psychiatric disorder. The findings are discussed in regard to differing developmental pathways for problems in adult functioning, ant the possible role of contextual changes in enabling more positive functioning for many childhood poor readers.

Considering Reading Cognitively: A Review

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estelle Ann Doctor
Keyword(s):  
Poor Readers ◽  
Phonological Encoding ◽  
Skilled Readers

Several studies of reading are reviewed with particular reference to the type of code, visual or phonological, adopted by the reader to obtain meaning from printed symbols. Integrated into the review are reports of recent studies on phonological encoding in children, skilled readers, poor readers, and the deaf. The role of orthography in pre- and postlexical encoding is also reviewed and it is concluded that phonological encoding takes place and is prelexical for pronunciation tasks, but when sentences rather than single words are presented to the reader, phonological encoding, if it occurs at all, is probably postlexical.

scholarly journals SpaVerb-WN—A megastudy of naming times for 4562 Spanish verbs: Effects of psycholinguistic and motor content variables

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romina San Miguel-Abella ◽  
Miguel Ángel Pérez-Sánchez ◽  
Fernando Cuetos ◽  
Javier Marín ◽  
María González-Nosti
Keyword(s):  
Word Length ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Word Naming ◽  
Negative Slope ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Syllable Frequency ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Psycholinguistic Variables

AbstractSeveral studies have been carried out in various languages to explore the role of the main psycholinguistic variables in word naming, mainly in nouns. However, reading of verbs has not been explored to the same extent, despite the differences that have been found between the processing of nouns and verbs. To reduce this research gap, we present here SpaVerb-WN, a megastudy of word naming in Spanish, with response times (RT) for 4562 verbs. RT were obtained from at least 20 healthy adult participants in a reading-aloud task. Several research questions on the role of syllable frequency, word length, neighbourhood, frequency, age of acquisition (AoA), and the novel variable ‘motor content’ in verb naming were also examined. Linear mixed-effects model analyses indicated that (1) RT increase in with increasing word length and with decreasing neighbourhood size, (2) syllable frequency does not show a significant effect on RT, (3) AoA mediates the effect of motor content, with a positive slope of motor content at low AoA scores and a negative slope at high AoA scores, and (4) there is an interaction between word frequency and AoA, in which the AoA effect for low-frequency verbs gradually decreases as frequency increases. The results are discussed in relation to existing evidence and in the context of the consistency of the spelling–sound mappings in Spanish.

scholarly journals Associative Verbal Encoding and Sight Vocabulary Acquisition and Retention

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-267
Author(s):  
Shelagh M. Brescia ◽  
Carl Braun
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Vocabulary Acquisition ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Vocabulary Retention ◽  
Sight Vocabulary

This investigation focused on the role of meaning in the learning of sight vocabulary for beginning readers. Phase I reported the collection of associative data and reconstruction of a search of meaningfulness for 48 selected nouns. Phase II presented data regarding two sight vocabulary teaching-testing cycles with an intermediate interval inferred for “association verbal encoding” (a/v/e) training. Subjects were 46 first grade children. Results indicate that meaningfulness facilitated rate of acquisition and retention of sight vocabulary and that “process plus content” a/v/e training facilitated sight vocabulary retention when compared to no training in a/v/e.

PRINT TECHNOLOGIES AND TEXT INTERPRETATION WITH USE OF BRAILLE WRITING SYSTEM IN PUBLISHING: REALITY AND PERSPECTIVES

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Onyshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
The State ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Text Interpretation ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Print Materials ◽  
Total Dependence ◽  
National Information

This article is intended to highlight some current problems of contemporary publishing as a social and cultural phenomenon and a component of the national information space. The author shows a retrospective of development, ups and downs of production of books both in terms of the number of editions and their circulation. The analysis of books and brochures publishing by print groups, as to the purpose and the enlarged thematic sections is made. Some aspects of the distribution system of publishing products are considered. The characteristic industry problems and trends of development, the role of the state in these processes are represented. The publishing market leaders are shown. In the conclusions it is referred to that a large share of more than 5 thousand registered publishing companies or is only listed in the register, or publish from one to several titles of books per a year. Summarizing this situation one can characterize it as a crisis, which requires systematic and consistent steps of the Ukrainian authorities to support this industry. The publishers consider the constraining factors as follows: a decline in demand for publishing products due to low purchasing power of the population; a lack of real support from the state; the limited working capital and high tax burden; the constant increase of prices for general printing materials due to the total dependence on imports; impossibility of timely updating of fixed assets; the low power sales system and so on. Among the actual and very important factors that influence reduction of overlays, there is a noticeable loss of interest of the population in reading the print materials, caused both by world trends, and the lack of purposeful propaganda of education and books in Ukraine as elements of everyday life of every person. The slow pace of development of Internet technologies and producing the books on electronic media, the lack of advertising, and ignorance of potential readers about domestic books are equally worryingly.

About the Academic Description of Russian Spelling. (To Spelling Rule Theory)

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
E. V. Beshenkova ◽  
O. E. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Writing System ◽  
Historical Changes ◽  
Subjective Factor ◽  
Specific Rule ◽  
Spelling Rule ◽  
The Common ◽  
Developing System

The article is devoted to the concept of a rule as a tool of scientific and orthological description. A rule is a conventional kind of scientific interpretation in any writing system, such as the description of morphological types in morphology or syntactic models in syntax. In this regard, rules must comply with the requirements for tools of scientific and orthological description. A rule as a tool for scientific description should be internally consistent and not contradict other rules, clearly define the described range of phenomena, cover all cases, clearly distinguish between the scope of the rule and the scope of the dictionary, be terminologically correct. As an orthological tool, a rule should not only correspond to the modern norm, but also determine the vector for future codifications. As a modern orthological tool, a rule should be accompanied by a commentary. The purpose of this commentary is to show the reader the scientific and methodological validity of both a general approach to describing the problems of different sections of the spelling, and each specific rule, to present a range of different interpretations of a particular spelling and justify the proposed one. The proposed description is based on the authors’ theoretical views on writing as a self-developing system and on the role of codifiers as a subjective factor in the development of this system. The conclusions are based on studies of historical changes in each spelling rule and writing in general, as well as modern fluctuations observed in spelling practice and directions for their elimination. This article reveals the authors’ approach to creating a commented set of rules for Russian spelling – a complete, consistent, scientific description of writing in the common form of rules that meets modern standards.

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