Error, Response Time and IQ: Sex Differences in Cognitive Style of Preschool Children

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lewis ◽  
Marilyn Rausch ◽  
Susan Goldberg ◽  
Cornelia Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Error Response ◽  
Task Uncertainty

Reflectivity-impulsivity in response to task uncertainty has been suggested as an important cognitive style. The present study investigated response time (a measure of reflectivity-impulsivity), errors on a matching-figures task, and intelligence in preschool children. The results indicate that there are important and significant sex differences in preschool children's cognitive style: boys' errors were significantly correlated only with their response speed, while girls' errors only with their intelligence. These results agree with similar sex differences as observed in studies using older children.

Field Dependence and the Differentiation of Affective States

1981 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine R. Parkes
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Cognitive Symptoms ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent

SummaryThe extent to which anxiety, irritability and depression were differentiated as separate entities associated with characteristic patterns of somatic and cognitive symptoms by field dependent (FD) and field independent (Fl) normal female subjects was studied with the Hidden Figures Test and Unpleasant Emotions Questionnaire. In the Fl group the correlations between the three emotions were low and non-significant, reflecting a clear-cut differentiation in symptom configuration, as shown by psychiatrists. In the FD group the inter-correlations were significant and positive, corresponding to relatively poor symptom differentiation, comparable to that of a psychiatric patient group. This suggests that the cognitive style variable of field dependence may underly differences in symptom differentiation associated with psychiatrist/patient differences and, more generally, with social class and sex differences.

Sleep and Bedtime Behavior in Preschool-Aged Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio U. Beltramini ◽  
Margaret E. Hertzig
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Age Trends ◽  
Night Awakening ◽  
Bedtime Routine ◽  
Preschool Aged Children

Age stage-specific changes in patterns of sleep and bedtime behavior were examined in 109 normally developing preschool-aged children who were the subjects of the New York Longitudinal Study of Temperament and Development. The data were derived from information abstracted from interviews conducted with parents about the behavior of their children in daily life situations at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of age. The following age trends were found: older children were significantly more likely to exhibit a prolongation of bedtime routine, insist on sleeping with the light on, take a treasured object to bed, request parental attention after being told good night, and experience delays in falling asleep than were younger children. The frequency of occurrence of night awakening was not different at the different age levels examined, although older children were significantly more likely to experience nightmares. The fathers of older children were significantly more likely to participate in bedtime routines, and older children were also significantly more likely to share a bedroom with a sibling. No sex differences were found.

Sex Differences in the Meaning of Parent and Teacher Ratings of ADHD Behaviors: An Observational Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 1847-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda J. Meyer ◽  
Jim Stevenson ◽  
Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Teacher Ratings ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Parent And Teacher Ratings

Objective: To test explanations for the underrecognition of female ADHD by examining differences in adult ratings of boys and girls matched for levels of directly observed ADHD behaviors. Method: In a secondary analysis of a population-based sample, 3- to 4-year-olds ( n = 153, 79 male) and 8- to 9-year-olds ( n = 144, 75 male) were grouped according to levels of directly observed ADHD behaviors (low/moderate/high). Groups were then compared with parent/teacher ADHD ratings. Results: There were no sex differences in levels of directly observed ADHD behaviors within groups. For preschoolers, parents’ ratings of males, but not females, significantly increased across groups—mirroring levels of observed behaviors. For older children, both parent and teacher mean ratings were significantly higher for males than females across groups. Conclusion: Identified differences in adult ratings of males and females matched for directly observed behaviors may contribute to understanding the substantial ADHD underrecognition in females.

BEHAVIORAL IMPLICATIONS OF ADAPTION INNOVATION: I. MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS AS A FUNCTION OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN ADAPTION-INNOVATION

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas F. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Management Style ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Managerial Effectiveness ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Managers ◽  
The Relationship

Three studies investigated the relationship between effective management and the positions of male and female managers on Kirton's cognitive style dimension of adaption (doing things better) vs. innovation (doing things differently). Both sexes equated innovation with effective male management and adaption with effective female management. The role in management style of characteristic sex-specific differences in adaption-innovation is discussed.

Measurement of Grinding Temperature Using Infrared Radiation Pyrometer With Optical Fiber

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ueda ◽  
A. Hosokawa ◽  
A. Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Spot Welding ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Grinding Temperature ◽  
Radiation Pyrometer ◽  
Heat Pulses

The heat pulses produced by cutting grains in a workpiece were measured using an infrared radiation pyrometer connected by means of an optical fiber. The results obtained were compared with those from a thermocouple to investigate the effect of differences in response speed on the output. The I.R.P., using an InAs cell as a detector which has a response time in the order of μs, can detect heat pulses with great accuracy and its signal trace versus time has many sharp peaks. The thermocouple formed by spot welding is inferior in response speed, and less accurate in registering heat pulses.

A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE URINARY EXCRETION OF INDIVIDUAL STEROIDS IN CHILDREN FROM 3 TO 7 YEARS OLD

1971 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Gupta ◽  
W. A. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Skeletal Maturity ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Trend ◽  
Steroid Excretion ◽  
Cortisol Metabolites

ABSTRACT A longitudinal study was made of the daily urinary excretion, on or near each birthday, of a number of C19 and C21 steroids in 9 healthy girls and 5 healthy boys aged 3 to 7 years. The amount of androsterone excreted by each individual increased slowly during the period of study but the absolute amounts varied greatly between individuals. The excretion of aetiocholanolone was greater than that of androsterone, contrary to reported findings in older children. Small amounts of DHA were found. Testosterone was found in only about 40% of samples; epitestosterone in 70 % and 11β-OH-androsterone in only 62 %. Cortisol metabolites were excreted in amounts which increased with age and all three metabolites of corticosterone were present in most specimens. 11-Deoxycortisol was found in about 50 % of the samples and THS in 63 %. The mean trend in the ratio of glucuronides to sulphates of the 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids decreased with increasing age, but the 11-deoxy-11-oxy ratio of 17-oxosteroids increased as did the 5α/5β ratio of the C19 and C21 steroids. No sex differences were observed. The excretion of cortisol metabolites showed a positive correlation with height and weight. 11-Deoxy-17-oxosteroids were positively correlated with the weight. No significant relationships between steroid excretion and skeletal maturity were found.

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