scholarly journals Model Action Plan for the Implementation of Vector Surveillance at the International Airports/ Seaports: Point of Entries (PoEs)

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (03) ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
SN Sharma ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
International Health ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Public Health Hazards ◽  
And Control ◽  
Model Action

As per International Health Regulations (2005), all the International airports and seaports are to be kept free from the vectors, which may cause public health hazards through transmission of pathogen through them. The country is presently connected by air, sea and road through porous borders. Due to the new challenges/ requirements brought about by the IHR (2005), necessary efforts are being made in India to ensure effective vector surveillance and control at POEs. It is also intended for use by the concerned port health officers, airport health officers, border health officers, regulators, port operators, and other competent authorities in charge of implementing the IHR (2005) at points of entry. This present SoP/ guidelines regarding vector surveillance and control may be used as a basis for the development of a management plan for preparing and performing vector surveillance and applying public health measures within the framework of the IHR (2005). The primary aim of developing model action plan is to assist public health authorities at PoE in strengthening core capacities and managing vector surveillance and control programmes by providing technical guidance on the optimal use of resources, planning, monitoring, and decision-making. There seems to be an urgent need for the vector control experts to be engaged at each international airport/ seaports due to fast expansions of the areas of the airports/ seaports and in view of receptivity and presence of breeding potential habitats of Aedes mosquitoes.

scholarly journals 50 States or 50 Countries: What Did We Miss and What Do We Do Now?

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Burkle ◽  
Asha V. Devereaux
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Management ◽  
International Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Music Department ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

AbstractThere have been multiple inconsistencies in the manner the COVID-19 pandemic has been investigated and managed by countries. Population-based management (PBM) has been inconsistent, yet serves as a necessary first step in managing public health crises. Unfortunately, these have dominated the landscape within the United States and continue as of this writing. Political and economic influences have greatly influenced major public health management and control decisions. Responsibility for global public health crises and modeling for management are the responsibility of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Health Regulations Treaty (IHR). This review calls upon both to reassess their roles and responsibilities that must be markedly improved and better replicated world-wide in order to optimize the global public health protections and its PBM.“Ask a big enough question, and you need more than one discipline to answer it.”Liz Lerman, MacArthur “Genius” Fellow, Choreographer, Modern Dance legend, and 2011 Artist-in Residence, Harvard Music Department

scholarly journals Capacity of National Malaria Control Programmes to implement vector surveillance: a global analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya L Russell ◽  
Robert Farlow ◽  
Myo Min ◽  
Effie Espino ◽  
Abraham Mnzava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
And Control ◽  
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets ◽  
Source Management

Abstract BackgroundSolving the problem of malaria requires a highly skilled workforce with robust infrastructure, financial backing and sound programme management coordinated by a strategic plan. Here, the capacity of National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs) was analysed to identify the strengths and weaknesses underpinning implementation of vector surveillance and control activities by the core elements of programme capacity, being strategic frameworks, financing, human resources, logistics and infrastructure, and information systems. ResultsAcross nearly every country surveyed, the vector surveillance programmes were hampered by a lack of capacity and capability. Only 8 % of NMCPs reported having sufficient capacity to implement vector surveillance. In contrast, 57 %, 56 % and 28 % of NMCPs had the capacity to implement long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying (IRS) and larval source management (LSM) activities, respectively. Largely underlying this was a lack of up-to-date strategic plans that prioritize vector surveillance and include frameworks for decision-making and action. ConclusionsStrategic planning and a lack of well-trained entomologists heavily hamper vector surveillance. Countries on the path to elimination generally had more operational/field staff compared to countries at the stage of control, and also were more likely to have an established system for staff training and capacity building. It is unlikely that controlling countries will make significant progress unless huge investments also go towards increasing the number and capacity of programmatic staff.

Surveillance of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes in and around International Airport, Kerala - Assessment of vector control efforts

ENTOMON ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
R. Rajendran ◽  
K. Regu ◽  
S. B. Anusree ◽  
W. Tamizharasu ◽  
Anila Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
International Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
International Airport ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
And Control

Vector-borne Diseases (VBDs) such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, zika virus and yellow fever are reported in over 100 countries and put up to 60% of the world’s population at risk of infection; more than 500 million cases are reported each year. The International Health Regulations (IHR) emphasizes to look after international seaports/airports and surrounding areas up to 400 meters free of Aedes aegypti mosquito and other vectors of epidemiological significance. Vector surveillance and control at Port of Entry (PoE) is an essential activity for the implementation of IHR. Hence Entomological surveillance was done inside and the residential areas around Cochin International Airport during 2013 to 2019. Aedes larval indices in both inside and residential areas outside the airport were found to be below the critical level in all these years. However the study showed no Aedes positivity inside the airport during 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2019. Effectiveness of vector control measures implemented in and around the airport is deliberated.

scholarly journals Capacity of National Malaria Control Programmes to implement vector surveillance: a global analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya L. Russell ◽  
Robert Farlow ◽  
Myo Min ◽  
Effie Espino ◽  
Abraham Mnzava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
And Control ◽  
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets ◽  
Source Management

Abstract Background Solving the problem of malaria requires a highly skilled workforce with robust infrastructure, financial backing and sound programme management coordinated by a strategic plan. Here, the capacity of National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs) was analysed to identify the strengths and weaknesses underpinning the implementation of vector surveillance and control activities by the core elements of programme capacity, being strategic frameworks, financing, human resources, logistics and infrastructure, and information systems. Results Across nearly every country surveyed, the vector surveillance programmes were hampered by a lack of capacity and capability. Only 8% of NMCPs reported having sufficient capacity to implement vector surveillance. In contrast, 57%, 56% and 28% of NMCPs had the capacity to implement long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying (IRS) and larval source management (LSM) activities, respectively. Largely underlying this was a lack of up-to-date strategic plans that prioritize vector surveillance and include frameworks for decision-making and action. Conclusions Strategic planning and a lack of well-trained entomologists heavily hamper vector surveillance. Countries on the path to elimination generally had more operational/field staff compared to countries at the stage of control, and also were more likely to have an established system for staff training and capacity building. It is unlikely that controlling countries will make significant progress unless huge investments also go towards increasing the number and capacity of programmatic staff.

scholarly journals Prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases through evidence-based public health: implementing the NCD 2020 action plan

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günter Diem ◽  
Ross C. Brownson ◽  
Vilius Grabauskas ◽  
Aushra Shatchkute ◽  
Sylvie Stachenko
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Fat taxation in India: A critical appraisal of need, public health impact, and challenges in nationwide implementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Karthika Ganesh ◽  
Manikandanesan Sakthivel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
The People ◽  
Epidemic Development ◽  
Nutritional Monitoring ◽  
And Control

National Nutritional Monitoring Bureau survey (2017) has found that more than half of the adults in India were overweight and obese. To halt this rising epidemic, development of various policy measures has been suggested in National action plan for prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. One such measure is the introduction of fat tax which is a surcharge or tax placed on food and beverages containing high amounts of fat. Government of India has made various direct budgetary initiatives for boosting the sectors related to the production of items rich in fat, sugars and salt without realizing the potential public health consequences. Hence, increasing the taxes for unhealthy junk foods should encourage the people to take healthier food options which in turn lead to positive impact on health. However, fat taxationfaced several challenges during implementation in countries like Denmark, Hungary, France and United States. Major challenges were the taxation debate, setting tax limit and encroaching into the autonomy rights of people. Evidences have shown that taxation alone cannot bring down the burden of non-communicable diseases but should be combined with measures like subsidies and access to healthy food items, public health education campaigns and programmes.

scholarly journals Are there ‘new’ and ‘old’ ways to track infectious diseases hazards and outbreaks?

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
J C Desenclos
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
International Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Health Events ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

In May 2005 the World Health Assembly approved an innovative and ambitious revision of the International Health Regulations, known as IHR(2005), in order to detect and control, in a timely manner, all public health events that may have a serious international impact. It represents a dramatic move from administrative notification by Member States (MS) to the World Health Organization (WHO) of cases of a limited list of diseases to a systematic analysis of health events of international concern, infectious or not [1]. The analysis of the public health events will take into account severity, unexpectedness, potential for international spread, and interference with international movement of people and goods. National focal points are to be identified in each MS to interact with WHO. The philosophy behind the new IHR is to promote early dialogue between MS and WHO, leading to early mutual risk assessment of events which may not necessarily have to be notified, depending on the results of the assessment and measures taken. WHO can also use informal sources to detect earlier events of international concern and then, together with the national focal point, conduct verification, risk assessment and implement appropriate measures.

Core Capacities for Public Health Emergencies of International Concern at Ground Crossings: A Case Study from North India

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
Rahuldeep Singh ◽  
Kumar Sumit ◽  
Shaikh Shah Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
International Health ◽  
North India ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Implementation Status ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTObjective:International airports, ports, and ground crossings are required to have health units for undertaking public health measures during routine times and specific measures during the time of public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). This study was conducted at a ground crossing of North India to assess the implementation status of International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005) at a ground crossing in the prevention and control of public health emergencies and to assess the risk of imported infections from a ground crossing.Methods:A qualitative study was conducted at the selected point of entry. The World Health Organization (WHO) core capacity assessment tool and in-depth interviews were used for data collection in the form of meetings and visits to isolation sites, and general observations were conducted regarding facilities on routine and other infrastructure and equipment that can be used during emergencies. Respondents were recruited using purposive methods.Results:The findings reveal that there is lack of awareness among the travelers, which increases the risks of spreading diseases. The overall implementation status at the ground crossing according to the assessment conducted using WHO Tool was 76%. It showed the need for further strengthening of the implementation at the site. Gaps were identified regarding the local capacity for handling chemical, radiological and nuclear hazards, and shortage of regular staff through stakeholders.Conclusion:The findings from this study, as well as the suggestions and recommendations given by stakeholders, should help revise the current strategies of action. Hence, the gaps identified should be fulfilled to better respond to PHEIC at the ground crossings.

Monitoring global public health threat - surveillance of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes in new Mangalore sea port, India

ENTOMON ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
R. Rajendran ◽  
K. Regu ◽  
J.M. Kurian
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Species ◽  
International Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
Port Area ◽  
Mosquito Breeding ◽  
And Control ◽  
Health Regulations ◽  
Water Holding

Vector surveillance and control at port of entry (PoE) is an essential activity for the implementation of International Health Regulations (IHR). The present study was undertaken in and around New Mangalore sea port. Inside the port area, a total of 13 water holding containers at 33 premises were checked and no containers were found positive for larval breeding. In the residential area, 132 water holding containers were checked in 100 houses. The breeding preference ratio was highest for earthen containers (18.8) followed by grinding stone (4.72), metal (1.72), cement tank (1.62) and plastic (0.24). The House index, Container index and Breteau index were found to be 7.0, 5.3 and 7.0% respectively. The nearness of residential colony to NMPT, consequently enhances the chances of spreading of Aedes mosquitoes in the port area. From the present study it is evident that inside the sea port there are ample habitats for the mosquitoes to breed and thrive in rainy season. Routine entomological surveillance is required not only to monitor the mosquito breeding in and around port area but also to prevent transportation and establishment of mosquito species in newer areas.

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