scholarly journals Present Status and Progress towards Kala-Azar Elimination Programme in Uttar Pradesh, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (01) ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
Shaukat Kamal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Block Level ◽  
Elimination Programme ◽  
Vector Borne

Kala-azar (KA) and Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), two out of the six vector borne diseases slated for elimination from the country by Government of India. Kala-azar or Visceral Leishmaniasisis prevalent in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh mainly in the districts bordering to Bihar, the state known for high endemicity of the disease. This disease has been targeted for elimination not only from thestate butfrom the country by 2020 by bringing down the Kala-azar prevalenceto <1 per 10000 population at sub district/block level. The two important interventions in Kala-azar control Programme includes Indoor residual spray (IRS) and Active Case Searches (ACS) in the endemic districts. The disease has been existed since long back in the state and the efforts made towards elimination are inadequate and deviated from the guidelines laid down by Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP).If the population of the sub district/ block is considered basic unit for calculating the prevalence of Kala-azar case<1 per 10000 population, then the state has achieved the same and as no activity pertaining to Kala-azar intervention measure is needed but in order to achieve the real target, it is suggested to consider the population of Health Sub-Center (HSC) for calculating the parameter of Kala-azar case <1 per 10000 population, for which a long way is required by undertaking measures like (a) active cases search drive for at least up to three years sweeping the whole population of the district, (b) complete treatment of the KA cases (both VL & PKDL), (c) complete coverage of population with IRS following the time line and quality of IRS as per NVBDCP guidelines, and (d) intervention activities needs to be synchronized with neighboring states or country subjecting their areas for KA elimination. Present study revealed the current status and progress towards elimination of the disease.

scholarly journals Impact of School Health Education on Prevalence of Dengue Fever in Lucknow City, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (02) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Shaukat Kamal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
School Health ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
The State ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Source Reduction ◽  
Vector Borne

Of the six vector-borne diseases prevalent in the country, dengue is the second largest cause of morbidity and mortality. The disease is widely prevalent in all parts of the country with variation in intensity including Uttar Pradesh, the largest state of India. Though the disease is known to be urban in nature, cases are being reported from rural areas too. Uttar Pradesh experienced a statewide outbreak of dengue in 2016 and reported 15033 cases and 42 deaths, of which 2772 cases (18.44% of the state) and 18 deaths (42.86% of the state) occurred in the district of Lucknow. The disease is tackled under the guidelines of the Directorate of the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). Accordingly, source reduction and prevention from mosquito bites are the most important techniques in order to prevent the disease spread. Various means like pamphlets and posters containing signs and symptoms of the disease including source reduction and prevention from mosquito bites, written in simple language (Hindi), video clips etc. were used as health educational material. Selected secondary/junior schools were visited as per daily schedule during the month of July in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The sensitisation of the school children played a significant role in bringing down dengue morbidity by 83.73% and 74.74% and mortality by 88.89% and 94.44%, during 2017 and 2018, respectively in comparison to 2016, whereas the case fatality rate (CFR) declined from 0.65% in 2016 to 0.14% in 2018, as the school children along with their teachers played an important role in sensitisation towards the prevention of dengue, due to which they not only became actively involved but also communicated the required messages pertaining to the elimination of breeding sites and prevention from mosquito bites.

Vector-borne diseases in Iran: epidemiology and key challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69
Author(s):  
Najmeh Parhizgari ◽  
Norair Piazak ◽  
Ehsan Mostafavi
Keyword(s):  
Q Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Dispersion Patterns ◽  
Monitoring And Surveillance ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Review Study

Vector-borne diseases have become a global health concern in recent decades as a result of global warming, globalization, growth in international trade and travel, use of insecticide and drug resistance. This review study addressed the key vector-borne diseases and their current status in Iran to emphasize the requirements for further research on vector-borne diseases. The dispersion patterns of these diseases differ in various regions. Some of them such as Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Q fever are distributed all across Iran, whereas some others such as plague, leishmaniasis, tularemia, and malaria are restricted to specific areas. The high prevalence of vectors throughout the country necessitates enhancing the monitoring and surveillance of emerging and reemerging vector-borne diseases and their potential vectors.

scholarly journals Assessment of national vector borne disease control programme in state of Karnataka

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Puneet Kumar Arali ◽  
Deepthi N. Shanbhag
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Disease Control Programme

ABSTRACTBackground:National vector borne disease control programme(NVBDCP) was launched to control the prevalence of vector borne diseases like malaria, filaria, Japanese encephalitis (JE), Dengue/DHF, chikungunya, lymphatic filariasis and Kala Azar. The present study was done to assess the activities of NVBDCP in state of Karnatakaand to analyze selective qualitative and quantitative indicators related to the activities.Methods:Quantitatively retrospective data was collected from Directorate office Department of Health and Family Welfare, NVBDCP section from April 2016 to March 2017. Qualitatively questionnaire based protocol was made and interviews were conducted with District programme officer, PHC medical officer and  grass root level health workers like ANM, ASHA with reference to one each of selected least performing districts and good performing districts in the state. The collected data was analysed by using Microsoft Excel 2010 version.Results:The highest prevalent districts in Karnataka areDakshina Kannada for malaria, Udupi for dengue, Tumakurufor chikungunya andBidar for lymphatic filariasis. Major factors related to poor outcome in some districts were rigid attitude of the community, poor support of local panchayats and less human resources.Conclusion:The result of this investigation revealed that Dakshina Kannada has got highest number of cases with greater proposition and high prevalence rate of vector borne diseases due to lack of sufficient human resources and geographical factors. Strengthening the surveillance activities along with integrated vector control programmes will improves the outcome of the programme.

scholarly journals Species composition and fauna distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and its importance for vector-borne diseases in a rural area of Central Western - Mato Grosso, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Alexandre Leal-Santos ◽  
Adaiane Catarina Marcondes Jacobina ◽  
Maria Madalena de Oliveira ◽  
Marinalva Brasilina Arruda Santana ◽  
Otacília Pereira Serra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
The State ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The Family ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract. This study describes ecological data obtained in a rural area in the State of Mato Grosso, including the insects belonging to the family Culicidae, especially those framed as potential vectors of tropical diseases. In 2015, we collected adult mosquitoes in fragments of forest in a rural area located in Mato Grosso Central West of Brazil. We captured 18,256 mosquitoes of the sub-families Culicinae and Anophelinae and have identified 34 species belonging to 12 genera: Aedes (1 species), Anopheles (8 species), Coquillettidia (1 species), Haemagogus (1 species), Culex (5 species), Psorophora  (5 species), Ochlerotatus (4 species), Deinocerites (1 species),  Mansonia (4 species), Sabethes (2 species), Limatus (1 species), Wyeomyia (1 species). The family Culicidae presented high richness and abundance, established by diversity indexes (Margalef α =3.26; Shannon H' = 2.09; Simpson D = 0.19) with dominance of the species Anopheles (Nyssorhyncus) darlingi Root (89.8%). This species has considerable epidemiological value, considered the main vector of malaria in Mato Grosso. Many species of mosquitoes are vectors of pathogens that cause disease in humans and domestic animals, transmitting pathogens including viruses (arboviruses), filaria worms (helminths) and protozoa.Composição de espécies e distribuição da fauna de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) e sua importância para doenças transmitidas por vetores em uma área rural do centro-ocidental - Mato Grosso, BrasilResumo. Este estudo descreve dados ecológicos de uma área rural do Estado de Mato Grosso e dos insetos da família Culicidae especialmente aqueles enquadrados como vetores potenciais de doenças tropicais. Em 2015, coletamos mosquitos adultos em fragmentos de floresta em localidades de áreas rurais no Mato Grosso região Centro Oeste do Brasil. Foram capturados 18.256 exemplares alados de mosquitos das subfamílias Culicinae e Anophelinae e identificadas 34 espécies pertencentes a 12 gêneros: Aedes (1 espécie), Anopheles (8 espécies), Coquillettidia (1 espécie), Haemagogus (1 espécie), Culex (5 espécies), Psorophora (5 espécies), Ochlerotatus (4 espécies), Deinocerites (1 espécie), Mansonia (4 espécies), Sabethes (2 espécies), Limatus (1 espécie), Wyeomyia (1 espécie). A família Culicidae apresentou alta riqueza e abundância, estabelecida por índices de diversidade (Margalef α = 3.26, Shannon H' = 2.09, Simpson D = 0.19) com predominância da espécie Anopheles (Nyssorhyncus)darlingi Root (89.8%). Esta espécie tem considerável valor epidemiológico, sendo considerada o principal vetor de malária em Mato Grosso. Muitas espécies de mosquitos são vetores de patógenos que causam doenças em humanos e animais domésticos, transmitindo patógenos incluindo vírus (arboviroses), filárias (helmintos) e protozoários.

scholarly journals Vectors and vector-borne diseases in Qatar: current status, key challenges and future prospects

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
F. Schaffner ◽  
D. Bansal ◽  
K. Mardini ◽  
S.A. Al-Marri ◽  
M.H.J. Al-Thani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Vector Borne

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) have re-emerged worldwide due to urbanisation, increase in travel and climate change, becoming a major and serious threat to global public health. In Qatar, the concern has recently risen because of the attribution of the soccer 2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar™, which necessitates fulfilling requirements in terms of prevention and preparedness for disease transmission, including VBDs. This review presents a general overview about current status of vectors and VBDs in Qatar and addresses key challenges and future prospects of control programmes and strategies. It is based on a vector control situation analysis and needs assessment performed during an expert mission in Qatar, November 2017, organised by the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office and achieved in collaboration with the Ministry of Public Health of Qatar and other local stakeholders. The situation of vectors and VBDs of public health importance in Qatar was analysed based on a systematic literature review by December 31, 2019. The literature reveals that no locally transmitted VBD cases have been recorded in Qatar, but cases were recorded among expatriate workers and travellers who returned from an endemic country. However, data on VBD cases remain scarce except for malaria. The presence of native arthropod vectors is under-recorded to date. A compilation of literature data revealed reports of 30 vector species, including 20 mosquitoes, 2 fleas, 1 louse, 1 fly, and 6 ticks. Overall, Qatar benefits currently from a good surveillance of some VBDs (malaria) and has some capacities in vector control, but no national plan exists, and vector surveillance is in its infancy. In Qatar, clear needs exist in capacity in epidemiology and vector entomology, as well as on the organisational level, and a number of measures are suggested to mitigate and improve VBD risk assessment and management. There is an urgent need to define sustainable solutions for VBD control, management and prevention, and a number of recommendations are suggested.

scholarly journals VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1055-1067
Author(s):  
Pragati Dhopte ◽  
◽  
Irrusappan Hari
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Current Medical ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Medical Importance

Vectors are transmitted diseases from person to person that diseases are known as vactor borne diseases. There are mainly six vector borne diseases present in India, tropical and subtropical rigion also. As per current medical importance, geographic distribution, epidemiology and potential spreading of vector borne diseases, Malaria total cases were 29340 and deaths 2 and Japanese encephalitis total cases were 111. Chikungunya and Kala azar total cases were 700 and no deaths were found in 2020 respectively. 87.25% of MDA were supplied to total population and the dengue cases were 136422 and deaths 132 were observed in 2019. The vector borne diseases in India are reviewed in this article.

scholarly journals Mosquito Behavior and Vertebrate Microbiota Interaction: Implications for Pathogen Transmission

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
María José Ruiz-López
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Mosquito Behavior

The microbiota is increasingly recognized for its ability to influence host health and individual fitness through multiple pathways, such as nutrient synthesis, immune system development, and even behavioral processes. Most of these studies though focus on the direct effects microbiota has on its host, but they do not consider possible interactions with other individuals. However, host microbiota can change not only host behavior but also the behavior of other individuals or species toward the host. For example, microbes can have an effect on animal chemistry, influencing animal behaviors mediated by chemical communication, such as mosquito attraction. We know that host skin microbes play a major role in odor production and thus can affect the behavior of mosquitoes leading to differences in attraction to their hosts. Ultimately, the vector feeding preference of mosquitoes conditions the risk of vertebrates of coming into contact with a vector-borne pathogen, affecting its transmission, and thus epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. In this mini review, I provide an overview of the current status of research on the interaction between mosquito behavior and host skin microbiota, both in humans and other vertebrates. I consider as well the factors that influence vertebrate skin microbiota composition, such as sex, genetic makeup, and infection status, and discuss the implications for pathogen transmission.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding vector-borne diseases in central Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel E. Nava-Doctor ◽  
César A. Sandoval-Ruiz ◽  
Antonio Fernández-Crispín
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Insect Repellents ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background While vector-borne diseases (VBDs) pose an important public health problem worldwide, there is a limited and conflicting knowledge about such illnesses in rural or urban settings. The present study aimed to explore the social representations (SRs) held by people in the state of Puebla, Mexico on insects and the diseases they transmit. Understood as the group of ideas held and shared by a group of human beings which enable them to understand and interpret the world, SRs constitute what could be called a collective science or knowledge of everyday life. Methods The present study was conducted in six municipalities in the state of Puebla, wherein an open-ended questionnaire was applied with three age ranges. A total of 360 questionnaires were applied with people dedicated to a variety of activities. The survey data was analyzed to identify the SR’s structure (the central nucleus of the SR and its peripheral system) and the level of organization in order to explore the degree to which the ideas that constitute it are shared and based on consensus. To describe the structure of the SR, a network analysis was conducted and complemented by a correspondence analysis, which also enables the differences between social groups to be identified. Results Popular knowledge on insects and VBDs is often limited, even in communities in which more than one-vector insect is found. The elements that were most frequently mentioned in the data, as pertaining to the insect–disease relationship, were mosquitoes and dengue fever, with scorpions (which are arachnids and not insects) receiving the second-highest number of mentions, while other insects such as kissing bugs, flies, and cockroaches were also mentioned as transmitting VBDs. While television was the main information source on VBDs for the residents of these communities, biology books were also mentioned. Chemical control measures (insect repellents) were the most used prevention method, and traditional medicine was the remedy most commonly used to treat insect bites and transmitted diseases. Entomophobia was the main cause for the respondents’ fear and rejection of insects. Beyond the deleterious effects of many insects, those surveyed also recognized a positive relationship with insects due to economic and nutritional benefits they provide. Conclusions The present study provides relevant information on how insects and the diseases they transmit are perceived by rural and urban communities. Although the population is aware of dengue fever and the role of mosquitoes in transmitting it, information campaigns are required for other historically neglected VBDs, such as leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and, even, rickettsiosis. As it is important to understand the impact that these illnesses have on communities further research is required to ensure that better information and guidance is provided on VBDs in order to develop a culture of illness prevention in not only the rural but also the metropolitan communities of the state of Puebla.

scholarly journals Impact on Vector-Borne Diseases in COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a District in Jharkhand, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 424-430
Author(s):  
Vidushi Topno ◽  
Vikas Oraon
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

The study is aimed to assess the effect of COVID-19 pandemic and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) like banning mass gatherings (Lockdown) etc on vector borne diseases. This study can throw some light on the epidemiology of all vector-borne diseases under surveillance during this COVID-19 pandemic. This study is done in Dumka district, Jharkhand. Method- A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 Blocks of Dumka District. Sampling technique used in this study was convenience sampling. Study of six month was conducted for vector-borne diseases from January 2021– June 2021.To know the epidemiology of vector-borne disease before and after COVID-19 pandemic, data from the year 2019 and 2020 was used for data analysis. Result – During the six months study period between January 2021-June 2021, maximum number of cases found in Dumka District was Kala-azar followed by Lymphatic Filariasis and then Malaria. There was sharp decrease in number of vector-borne disease cases. After data analysis between the year 2019 and 2020 reduction of cases was seen in Kala-azar (15.3%), Lymphatic Filariasis (8.9%) and maximum reduction of cases was seen Malaria (98.1%). Conclusion – A drastic reduction in reported cases of vector-borne diseases was noticed. To better understand the reason behind the changes in vector-borne disease prevalence a consistent and vigilant surveillance is required. Keywords: COVID-19, Vector-borne diseases, non-pharmaceutical interventions.

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