scholarly journals Fiscal Foresight and Real Distortions to Firm Behavior: Anticipatory Dips and Compensating Rebounds

2021 ◽  
pp. 01-30
Author(s):  
Robert S. Chirinko ◽  
◽  
Daniel J. Wilson ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Firm Behavior ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
Output Market ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Forward Looking

We study the conditions under which fiscal foresight – forward-looking agents anticipating future policy changes – distorts economic behavior through undesired intertemporal tradeoffs. Somewhat surprisingly, fiscal foresight is far from sufficient for policy and incentives to perversely affect firm behavior. Three necessary conditions are identified for distorting behavior: storable output, diminishing returns, and a non-competitive output market. These conditions suggest that the estimated impacts of fiscal policies may be sensitive to underlying economic characteristics and that policies targeted to specific firms or industries with unique characteristics may not be generalizable.

THE ANALYSIS OF FUTURE POLICY CHANGES

1981 ◽  
pp. 73-100
Author(s):  
KATHARINE L. BRADBURY ◽  
ANTHONY DOWNS ◽  
KENNETH A. SMALL
Keyword(s):  
Policy Changes ◽  
Future Policy

scholarly journals Predictors of Length of Hospital Stay in Children Presenting to the Emergency Department of Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 3111-3116
Author(s):  
Nesreen Suliman Alwallan ◽  
Majid Alsalamah ◽  
Badr F Al-Khateeb ◽  
Saeed Mastour Alshahrani ◽  
Ahmad Mohammed Ishaque Al Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Future Policy

Length-of-stay is an important quality measure for emergency departments. The study aimed to find predictors for prolonged LOS in children. A cross sectional study was conducted from Jan 2017 to Mar 2018. Data were extracted from medical records of 5609 pediatric patients admitted to the King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital-ED, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Median LOS of the children was 74 mins. Multivariable analysis showed the difference in the expected LOS between patients DAMA and their non-DAMA counterparts was 72 mins. Difference in the expected LOS between patients at emergent and non-urgent triage was 89 mins, between urgent and non-urgent triage was 51 mins and difference between less urgent and non-urgent triage was 16 mins. Future studies should explore the contributing managerial and clinical factors that can explain such associations and might be the focus for future policy changes to reduce LOS in ED pediatric settings in Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Determinants of Income Tax Base in Pakistan: A Policy Review

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1123-1142
Author(s):  
Ahmad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
The Government ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Capital Value

This paper is divided into six parts. Following this introduction a reivew of the fiscal policies pursued by the Government of Pakistan is presented in the second section. The third section contains an assessment of the performance of different taxes while the fourth presents the reasons for low revenue performance. The key issues in tax policy reform are discussed in the fIfth section. The final section presents the recommendations for future policy directions. The taxation structure of Pakistan is both Federal and Provincial in nature. This structure was derived from the revenue-sharing provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935 and has been incorporated into successive constitutions delineating the respective revenue powers of the Federal and Provincial Governments. Under the present constitution, the Federal Government has the constitutional right to levy a wide range of direct and indirect taxes [Government of Pakistan (1973)]. Federal direct taxes comprise of personal and corporate income tax (excluding tax on agriculture income), and capital taxes (excluding tax on immovable property). Since the abolition of estate duties and gift taxes, the latter include wealth tax and Capital Value Tax. One time Capital Assets Tax on companies was levied in 1991. Income of small businesses is subject to fixed tax. Minimum tax at the rate of 0.5 percent of turnover applies to Corporate and Registered Firm taxpayers. Presumptive tax regime applies to dividends and interest, prizes on prize bonds, lotteries and raffles, payments for contract execution and supply of goods, and value of imported and exported goods [Government of Pakistan (1991)].

scholarly journals Program directors’ reflections on national policy change in medical education: insights on decision-making, accreditation, and the CanMEDS framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Dore ◽  
Bryce James Mack Bogie ◽  
Karen Saperson ◽  
Karen Finlay ◽  
Parveen Wasi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Program Directors ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
High Level

Background: Outcomes of national policy change impact all levels of the organizational hierarchy. The medical education literature is sparse on how reflections from program directors (PDs) on past large-scale policy changes can inform future policy initiatives. To fill this gap, we conducted a national survey on PDs’ perceptions of, and reflections on, decision-making in medical education, accreditation procedures, and the CanMEDS framework implementation. Methods: The survey was distributed to former Canadian specialty medicine PDs (N = 684). Descriptive analysis was performed on quantitative data, thematic analysis was performed on qualitative comments, and comparisons between the quantitative and qualitative findings were performed to identify areas of convergence and/or divergence. Results: A total of 265 (38.7%) former PDs participated. Quantitative analysis revealed that 52.8% of respondents did not feel involved in decision-making regarding policy changes, 45.1% of respondents did not feel prepared to assess the CanMEDS Roles, and PDs were divided on the reasonableness of accreditation documentation. Qualitative analysis produced four themes: communication, resources, expectations of outcomes, and buy-in. Nine sub-themes were also identified. A high level of convergence was identified across the content, with only four areas of divergence identified. Conclusions: Our findings have the potential to inform future policy and/or accreditation changes. Without the lens of those charged with overseeing the implementation, policy evaluation and quality improvement will remain uninformed. PDs, therefore, bring unique insights into our understanding of national policy changes, and without the voices of these frontline implementers, the true success of policy change implementation will be hindered.

Qualitative Perspectives on a Facilitated Change in Provincial Pharmacare Coverage

2005 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Peter L. Twohig ◽  
Wayne Putnam ◽  
Dawn Frail
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Provider Perspectives ◽  
Future Policy

Background: During 2000, Nova Scotia's Department of Health implemented policy changes and educational interventions to encourage a switch from wet nebulization therapy to dry-dose delivery systems. The policy changes applied to beneficiaries of the Nova Scotia Pharmacare Programs, while the educational interventions had a broader provincial perspective. Methods: Researchers from Dalhousie University's Department of Family Medicine subsequently interviewed family physicians, pharmacists, and other health professionals to gather their views on the initiative. A single researcher (PLT) conducted interviews in the summer of 2001 in two settings. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Analysis was guided by a grounded theory approach and facilitated by the use of QSR N5, a software program designed for computer-assisted qualitative data analysis. Results: The results are discussed in several categories, including the role of evidence, change strategies, user devotion to older delivery systems, and health care provider perspectives on policy change. Conclusion: Health care professionals interviewed agreed that this was a well-designed initiative in many respects. Participants identified several key elements that offer insights for future policy-implementation design, execution, and evaluation.

Global Networks and Domestic Policy Convergence: A Network Explanation of Policy Changes

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xun Cao
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
Policy Convergence ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Latent Space ◽  
National Economies ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Portfolio Investments

National economies are embedded in complex networks such as trade, capital flows, and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). These globalization forces impose differential impacts on national economies depending on a country's network positions. This article addresses the policy convergence-divergence debate by focusing on how networks at the international level affect domestic fiscal, monetary, and regulatory policies. The author presents two hypotheses: first, similarity in network positions induces convergence in domestic economic policies as a result of peer competitive pressure. Second, proximity in network positions facilitates policy learning and emulation, which result in policy convergence. The empirical analysis applies a latent-space model for relational/dyadic data and indicates that position similarity in the network of exports induces convergence in fiscal and regulatory policies; position similarity in the network of transnational portfolio investments induces convergence in fiscal policies; and position proximity in IGO networks is consistently associated with policy convergence in fiscal, monetary, and regulatory policies.

scholarly journals Commitment Problems in Coalitions: A New Look at the Fiscal Policies Of Multiparty Governments

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Bäck ◽  
Johannes Lindvall
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Coalition Governments ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Commitment Problems ◽  
Advanced Democracies ◽  
New Look

Many political scientists and economists have argued that coalition governments tend to accumulate more debt than single-party governments do, but the evidence for this proposition is mixed. This article argues that only some coalition governments are more likely to increase public debt than single-party governments: those in which parties are unable to make credible promises to their partners about future policy. It introduces the concept of ‘commitment potential’ within coalitions and proposes a way of measuring it. The study evaluates its theoretical claims using data on 20 advanced democracies observed over a period of almost 50 years. It finds that multiparty governments with high commitment potential do not, on average, accumulate more debt than single-party governments, but that governments with low commitment potential do.

THE SIGNAL EXTRACTION PROBLEM REVISITED: A NOTE ON ITS IMPACT ON A MODEL OF MONETARY POLICY

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin D. Keen
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium ◽  
New Keynesian ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Keynesian Model ◽  
Dynamic Stochastic ◽  
Monetary Policy Shock ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Sticky Wages

This paper develops a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with sticky prices and sticky wages, in which agents have imperfect information on the stance and direction of monetary policy. Agents respond by using Kalman filtering to unravel persistent and temporary monetary policy changes in order to form optimal forecasts of future policy actions. Our results show that a New Keynesian model with imperfect information and real rigidities can account for several key effects of an expansionary monetary policy shock: the hump-shaped increase in output, the delayed and gradual rise in inflation, and the fall in the nominal interest rate.

scholarly journals China's Gradualistic Economic Approach and Financial Markets

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 608-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus K. Brunnermeier ◽  
Michael Sockin ◽  
Wei Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Time Inconsistency ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Private Actors

China's gradualistic approach allowed the government to learn how the economy reacts to small policy changes, and to adjust its reforms before implementing them in full. With fully developed financial markets, however, private actors may front-run future policy changes, making it impossible to implement policies gradually. With financial markets, the government faces a time-inconsistency problem. The government would like to commit to a gradualistic approach, but after it observes the economy's quick reaction, it has no incentive to implement its policies in small steps.

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