scholarly journals Genetic engineering: An additional tool for plant improvement

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mohan Jain ◽  
Christian Oker-Blom ◽  
Eija Pehu ◽  
R. J. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
New Genes

Advances in gene transfer technologies have enabled the production of both monocot and dicot transgenic plants. With the biolistic method, genes can be transferred in recalcitrant crop plants and forest trees, independent of their genotype. Inexpensive methods for both stable and transient gene transfers - ultrasonication, direct DNA insertion during imbibition using somatic embryos, and silicon carbide fibres - have been developed. The frequency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation rates of cloned genes can be enhanced in plant cells. The analysis of molecular markers (RFLPs, RAPDs, DNA fingerprints) can accomplish the characterization, gene mapping and identification and certification and patent protection of cultivars. With PCR, selective amplification of a specific DNA segment from a small amount of an organism’s total DNA can be used toidentify transgenic cultivars. The expression of a target gene can be inhibited with antisense RNA. So far, a limited number of genes have been identified and cloned with genetic engineering. With specific gene transfers, many goals such as biological control of insect pests and fungi, male sterility, virus resistance, improving seed protein, and production of transgenic plants as “bioreactors” can be accomplished. T-DNA mutagenesis may lead to learning more about the genetic control of plant development and morphogenesis, and isolation of useful mutants. Before genetic engineering becomes a reliable tool of plant breeding, more attention is needed to explore: (a) new plant genetic resources in order toidentify and clone new genes, (b) fate of selective and scorable marker genes, and (c) field evaluation of transgenes in transgenic plants.

scholarly journals Aplikasi Teknik Rekayasa Genetik dalam Perbaikan Sumber Daya Genetik Tanaman untuk Ketahanan Cekaman Biotik

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
M. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Scirpophaga Incertulas ◽  
Great Opportunity

<p>The main constraint encountered in the<br />utilization of plant genetic resources (PGR) in agriculture are<br />biotic stresses such as insect pests, plant diseases, and plant<br />parasitic nematodes. The application of genetic engineering<br />techniques create a great opportunity for crops improvements<br />particularly for insect and plant diseases resistance. Through<br />genetic engineering, genetically engineered (GE) crops have<br />been developed, of which having the new traits such as resistance<br />to insect pests, plant diseases, and herbicide tolerance.<br />GE crops are already widely grown and marketed in many<br />countries. Globally, GE crops that are commercialized consists<br />of four categories of traits, which are insect resistance (IR),<br />herbicide tolerance, (HT), the combined traits of IR and HT<br />(stacked genes), and virus resistance. Initially, GE crops had<br />been commercialized globally covering 1.7 million ha in 1996,<br />and the cropping area increased rapidly to reach about 134<br />million ha in 2009. Indonesia is known as a country rich in<br />PGR, that have very high value. One of environmentally<br />friendly technologies that can be applied in the utilization of<br />PGR in Indonesia, is genetic engineering. In Indonesia,<br />research on plant genetic engineering had started since 1997.<br />Commodities that are being researched to develop GE plants<br />limited on rice, potatoes and tomatoes. GE rice resistant to<br />stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas), GE potato resistant to<br />late blight (Phytophthora infestans), and GE tomato resistant<br />to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and cucumber<br />mosaic virus (CMV) have been successfully developed by<br />Research Center for Biotechnology of Indonesian Institute of<br />Science and Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology<br />and Genetic Resources Research and Development<br />(ICABIOGRAD). Those GE crops have been tested for their<br />resistance at the screenhouses, green houses of the biosafety<br />containment, and confined field trial.</p>

Soybean genetic engineering - commercial production of transgenic plants

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
P CHRISTOU ◽  
D MCCABE ◽  
B MARTINELL ◽  
W SWAIN
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Commercial Production

scholarly journals A Tool to Build Up-To-Date Gene Annotations for Affymetrix Microarrays

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislava Milchevskaya ◽  
Grischa Tödt ◽  
Toby James Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Microarray Probe ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Affymetrix Microarrays ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Genome Annotations

Genome-wide expression profiling and genotyping is widely applied in functional genomics research, ranging from stem cell studies to cancer, in drug response studies, and in clinical diagnostics. The Affymetrix GeneChip microarrays represent the most popular platform for such assays. Nevertheless, due to rapid and continuous improvement of the knowledge about the genome, the definition of many of the genes and transcripts change, and new genes are discovered. Thus the original probe information is out-dated for a number of Affymetrix platforms, and needs to be re-defined. It has been demonstrated, that accurate probe set definition improves both coverage of the gene expression analysis and its statistical power. Therefore we developed a method that incorporates the most recent genome annotations into the annotation of the microarray probe sets, using tools from the next generation sequencing. Additionally our method allows to quickly build project specific gene annotation models, as well as for comparison of microarray to RNAseq data.

scholarly journals Field evaluation of extracts of five Nigerian spices for control of post-flowering insect pests of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Oparaeke A ◽  
C. Dike M ◽  
I. Amatobi C
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Piper Guineense ◽  
Clavigralla Tomentosicollis ◽  
Insecticidal Efficacy ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Xylopia Aethiopica

The insecticidal efficacy of aqueous extracts of five Nigerian spices (Piper guineense Schum and Thonn., Aframomum melegueta (Roscoe), Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich., Zingiber officinale L. and Capsicum annuum L.) was tested in a field study for the control of two important post-flowering insect pests, Maruca vitrata Fab. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal. (Hemiptera: Coreidae) of cowpea. The extracts were applied at 10% (w/v) and sprayed every week for 4 weeks. P. guineense, followed by A. melegueta, significantly reduced (P < 0.01) abundance of the pests and decreased the damage to cowpea pods. Grain yields were significantly higher in plots treated with P. guineense and A. melegueta extracts compared to plots treated with other extracts. This technology is cheap, safe, environmentally friendly and easy to adopt by limited resource farmers in third world countries.

scholarly journals Promoter Methylation of Selected Genes in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients and Cell Lines

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4595
Author(s):  
Victoria Sarne ◽  
Samuel Huter ◽  
Sandrina Braunmueller ◽  
Lisa Rakob ◽  
Nico Jacobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Promoter Methylation ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
The Impact

Specific gene promoter DNA methylation is becoming a powerful epigenetic biomarker in cancer diagnostics. Five genes (CDH1, CDKN2Ap16, RASSF1A, TERT, and WT1) were selected based on their frequently published potential as epigenetic markers. Diagnostic promoter methylation assays were generated based on bisulfite-converted DNA pyrosequencing. The methylation patterns of 144 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 7 healthy control formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples were analyzed to evaluate the applicability of the putative diagnostic markers. Statistically significant changes in methylation levels are shown for TERT and WT1. Furthermore, 12 NSCLC and two benign lung cell lines were characterized for promoter methylation. The in vitro tests involved a comparison of promoter methylation in 2D and 3D cultures, as well as therapeutic tests investigating the impact of CDH1/CDKN2Ap16/RASSF1A/TERT/WT1 promoter methylation on sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and DNA methyl-transferase inhibitor (DNMTI) treatments. We conclude that the selected markers have potential and putative impacts as diagnostic or even predictive marker genes, although a closer examination of the resulting protein expression and pathway regulation is needed.

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