scholarly journals Effects of different ammonium nitrate levels on the amounts of exchangeable soil magnesium and applied magnesium in eight mineral soils

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-100
Author(s):  
Raili Jokinen
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Nitrate Level ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Eastern Finland ◽  
Exchangeable Form

Eight mineral soils (pH(CaCl2) 4.6—6.1, clay 4—65 %, org. C 1.9—5.7 %) were treated with ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulphate solutions adding 0, 20 or 40 mg mineral N and 0 or 4 mg Mg per 100 g soil. The soils were incubated for seven weeks at a constant temperatureof 20°C and a 25 % moisture level. After incubation, the exchangeable Mg was extracted with 1 M neutral ammonium acetate. The exchangeable magnesium content seemed to increase in some soils and to decrease in other soils with increasing ammonium nitrate amounts. The applied magnesium was fixed in a non-exchangeable form, especially at the highest ammonium nitrate level, in two clay soils taken from the rapakivi area of south-eastern Finland. In the other soils all applied magnesium was exchangeable irrespective of the amount of ammonium nitrate.

scholarly journals Requirement for magnesium fertilization in Finland

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-268
Author(s):  
Raili Jokinen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Magnesium Uptake ◽  
Mineral Soils

More magnesium, on average, is removed annually from agricultural soils in Finland in yields (10 kg/ha) and through leaching (20kg/ha) than is replaced as fertilizers (4 kg/ha), manure (7 kg/ha) and as wet or dry depositions from the atmosphere (1 kg/ha). The amount of magnesium which is applied in assosiation with liming agents (at the most 25 kg/ha) has a decisie effect on the magnesium balance of the soils, although liming itself reduces those magnesium reserves of the soil which are extractable in neutral ammonium acetate(1 M) or in calcium chloride (0,01 M). The effect of two amounts of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on the spring cereal and cultivated ley yields, on the magnesium uptake and nutrient contents of the yields, and the effect of liming on the magnesium status of the soil was studied using field, pot and incubation experiments in order to gain an estimate of requirement for magnesium fertilization. The results obtained with magnesium sulphate fertilizer in the same experiments were also used as an indicator of requirement for magnesium fertilization. The ammonium acetate (1 M, pH 7) extractable magnesium in the soil appeared to be the most important source of magnesium for the plants and the best indicator of requirement for magnesium fertilization. For the intensive cultivation of grassland crops, the soil should contain about 15 mg/100g of this type of magnesium. In pot experiments, the plants took up only small amounts of not extractable magnesium. Increasing the nitrogen fertilizer dosage (pot experiments, 4,5 l soil: N1=1500 mg, N2=3000mg N per year, field experiments: N1=50 kg/ha, N2=100 kg/ha N per year) generally brought about an increase in the magnesium uptake and in the magnesium content of the grasses. When the experiments were carried out using coarse mineral soils, the magnesium uptake and magnesium content of the plants decreased during the second and third year as the amount of nitrogen fertilizer increased. This was caused by the low magnesium content of the soil (pot experiments: below 12 mg/100 g soil in neutral ammonium acetate extractable magnesium, field experiments: below 100 mg/l soil in acid ammonium acetate extractable magnesium). In these soils, magnesium fertilization (200 mg Mg for 4,5 l soil per year or 57 kg/ha per year) appeared to have a positive effect on the supply of magnesium to the plants. The heavy clay and sandy clays used in the pot experiment did not require magnesium fertilization. The magnesium in silty clays, which contain a high proportion of the silt fraction (0,02—0,2 mm), may be liberated too slowly for intensively cultivated grasses and it may be necessary to give additional magnesium as fertilizer. Increasing the potassium fertilizer level from 60 kg/ha to 240 kg/ha K per year significantly decreased the magnesium content of the plants. Judging by the quality of the crops, a high potassium fertilizer level appeared to increase the requirement for magnesium fertilization. In the case of muddy very finesand the yield and magnesium uptake of timothy decreased with an increase in the amount of potassium applied. Liming (90, 180 or 360 mg/100g soil Ca as CaCO3) decreased the amount of neutral ammonium acetate extractable magnesium, in seven mineral soils out of nine, by 2—24 % in comparison to the magnesium content of unlimed soils. Part of the fertilizer magnesium became not extractable, too.

scholarly journals Effect of liming on the magnesium status of some mineral soils and on the fate of fertilizer magnesium

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-137
Author(s):  
Raili Jokinen
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Magnesium Status ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Extractable Al

Nine mineral soils were incubated in laboratory without lime (Ca0) or limed (Ca1) with calcium carbonate (lab.reag.), and without magnesium fertilizer (Mg0) or fertilized with MgSO4*7H20 (Mg1 = 4 mg/100 g soil Mg). The incubation covered a period of seven weeks in aerobic conditions at constant 20 °C temperature. The relative increase in the effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) caused by liming seemed to be in coarse mineral soils greater than in clay soils. The differences in pH (CaCl2) values between soil types was not so evident. In seven soils of the nine, liming decreased the 0,01 M CaCl2 extractable magnesium content more than in 1 M KCI or in 1 M neutral ammonium acetate extractable magnesium contents. The limed soils contained ammonium acetate extractable magnesium 2—24 % less than the unlimed soils. The decrease in magnesium content was greatest in acid muddy silt (Littorina soil) and in acid silty clay. Without lime the I M KCI extractable (Al+H) contents of these soils were 6,6 and 2,2 me/100 g soil and pH (CaCl2) 3,9 and 4,5, respectively. In finesand soils liming seemed to increase the magnesium content although not significantly. In limed soils 17—73 %of the fertilizer magnesium was extractable in 0,01 M CaCl2, 67—100 % extractable in 1 M KCI and 57—100 % extractable in 1 M neutral ammonium acetate. The equivalent ratio of exchangeable (1 M ammonium acetate, pH 7) calcium to magnesium in the soils may give pointers to the choice of liming agents, especially in the liming of low cation exchange capacity soils.

scholarly journals Trace element contents of plants as a function of readily soluble soil trace elements

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Mikko Sillanpää ◽  
Esko Lakanen
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Trace Element Contents ◽  
Element Contents ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Soil Trace Elements ◽  
Soil Groups

The use of acid ammonium acetate (pH 4.65) as an extractant for plant available trace elements (Mg included) was studied on a total of 216 soil samples and of timothy samples from corresponding sites. Significant correlations between the results of soil and plant analyses were obtained for the eight elements studied in following soil groups: (1) Clay soils: Ni, Co, Cu (2) Coarse mineral soils: Ni, Co, Pb, Mg, Mo (3) Mineral soils (Groups 1 + 2): Ni, Co, Pb, Cu, Mo, Zn (4) Organogenic soils: Ni, Co, Pb, Mg, Mn (5) Whole material: Ni, Co, Pb, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn.

Measuring Calcium and Magnesium Contents on the Sludge Composting with Different Treatments

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 3150-3154
Author(s):  
Jian She Yang ◽  
Ying Ding
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Edta Complex ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Sludge Composting

Abstract: Calcium and magnesium contents of sludge composting are measured by using the method of ammonium acetate-EDTA complex metric titration here, through Fermentation accelerant and increased nutrient agent treatments. The results showed as following: 1, exchangeable Ca and Mg contents of sludge single treatment increased more 6.83% and5.12% at the end of composting, than at the beginning of composting. 2, Fermentation accelerant added in sludge from 8% to 40%,，the exchangeable calcium and magnesium are more 4.38% ~ 10.58% and 6.77% ~ 13.78% at the end of composting than at the beginning of composting. The exchangeable Ca increased 19.51% ~ 104.83%, but 6.05% of a decreased trend for exchangeable magnesium, Compared with the sludge single compost. 3, as increasing the amount of nutrient agent from 30% to 50%, the exchangeable calcium and magnesium are more 3.88%~7.75%and 5.24%~9.18% at the end of composting than at the beginning of composting. The exchangeable Ca increased in 11.35%~41.13%,but 49%~-3.96% of a decreased trend for exchangeable magnesium, Compared with the sludge single compost. 4, under the condition added 24% of the Fermentation accelerant agent to the sludge, as the Increased nutrient agents from 8% to 32%, the exchangeable calcium and magnesium measured are increased 2.63%~5.54%and3.6%~4.19% at the end of composting , compared with The beginning of composting. The exchangeable Ca increased in 52.34%~112.04%,but -10.15%~-15.59% for exchangeable magnesium, Compared with the sludge single compost.

scholarly journals Calcium, magnesium and potassium in mineral soils from the southern half of Finland

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-261
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Mineral Soils

210 samples of mineral soils from the southern half of Finland with mainly an acid precambrian bedrock, were analysed for the total contents of Ca, Mg and K, and for the portion of these nutrients which could be exchanged by N NH4OAc (pH 7), dissolved by 0.1 N HCI at room temperature, or released by N HCI at 50° C. The total content of Ca was lowest in samples of heavy clay, 0.78±0.14 % in the surface soils and 0.92±0.10 % in the deeper layers. The mean content in the groups of other soils was at least about 1.1 %. The total content of Mg increased with an increase in the clay content (r = 0.81***). It ranged from 0.6±0.1 % in the sand and fine sand samples to 1.53±0.19 % in the heavy clay soils of the surface layers and to 1.89±0.12 % in those of the deeper layers. Also in the groups of loam and silt soils and of the coarser clay soils, respectively, the Mg content was in the deeper layers higher than in the surface soils. The total content of K also increased with the clay content (r=0.73***) from 1.7±0.1 % in the sand and fine sand soils to 2.74±0.21 % in the heavy clay soils of the surface layers and to 3.10±0.07 % in those of the deeper layers. The portion of exchangeable Ca was relatively high: in the groups of surface soils from more than one tenth to one third of the total amount. The corresponding average amounts released by even the more drastic treatment with acid were not markedly higher. Only a few per cents of total Mg were exchangeable and slightly higher amounts were dissolved by 0.1 N HCI, whereas the treatment with N HCI at 50° C released about half of the total Mg. Exchangeable K and K dissolved by 0,1 N HCI did not exceed 1 % of the total K, except slightly in the heavy clay soils; the average amounts released by N HCI ranged from 5 to 18 % of the total K. The plant availability of these nutrients was discussed.

scholarly journals Sulphur status in Finnish cultivated soils

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-215
Author(s):  
Johan Korkman
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Induction Furnace ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Sulphur Uptake ◽  
Cultivated Soils

A method for determining total sulphur in plant material and soil samples using the induction furnace technique and subsequent turbidimetric determination of sulphate sulphur was discussed. A procedure for extracting sulphur from soil samples with ammonium acetate (pH 4.65), the interference of the organic matter being reduced by oxidation of the extract with H2O2, was proposed. Sulphur balance in Finnish cultivated soils was estimated by taking into account the average amounts of emitted (8 kg S/ha/yr.), precipitated (8 kg S/ha/yr.) and leached (8 kg S/ha/yr.) sulphur. The actual situation in the cultivated soils seems thus to be depending, on an average, on the uptake by plants and the sulphur applied (12 kg S/ha/yr. in the early 1970s). In 104 samples of cultivated soil, the content of total sulphur showed a slight correlation with the content of organic carbon. The amounts of sulphur extracted in various ways were not predictable by means of the soil characteristics used (pHCaCl2, org. C and texture). Extracted sulphur did not correlate sufficiently with the development and sulphur uptake of plants. Under field conditions in northern Finland, sulphur application produced a relatively distinct result in respect both to the ley yields on Carex peat, and their sulphur content. On mineral soils in southern Finland the yields were unaffected by supplementary fertilization with sulphur. In the pot experiments performed a fairly close relationship between sulphur and nitrogen was demonstrated.

TRANSFORMATIONS AND DISPOSITION OF LATE-FALL APPLIED NITROGEN DURING WINTER IN SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-565
Author(s):  
F. SELLES ◽  
A. J. LEYSHON ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Prairie farmers are interested in applying nitrogen (N) in the fall or winter to reduce fertilizer costs and allow a better distribution of labor and machinery use. Two studies were conducted in southwestern Saskatchewan to determine the consequences of applying N in late fall. In the laboratory, fertilizer N barely penetrated into the snow at constant subzero temperatures, but under freeze-thaw conditions, urea and ammonium nitrate descended 27 cm in 3 d. In the field, ammonium nitrate and urea were applied to snow-covered and bare microplots of grass sod and cereal stubble (1981–1982) and grass sod only (1985–1986). Nitrogen from ammonium nitrate penetrated deeper into the snow than N from urea. Nitrogen recovery in April 1982 was 55–59% from ammonium nitrate and 39–51% from urea, but was near 100% for both sources on bare soil treatments in April 1986. More N was recovered when fertilizer was applied to bare than to snow-covered soil, especially during 1985–1986 when all the applied fertilizer was blown off the snow-covered plots. Mineral N generally declined from fall to spring in all treatments, probably because of denitrification and immobilization. In 1985–1986, a period of extremely low temperatures in late fall resulted in no movement or transformation of N until after early December. By late January, periods of above-zero soil temperatures resulted in substantial mineralization of soil organic N, in the fertilized plots. This apparent priming effect was attributed to perturbations in the organic matter and microbial biomass due to fertilizer application and freezing and thawing. Following this period there was a general decrease in mineral N towards spring, as observed in 1981–1982. Producers must consider the benefits of using labor and equipment more efficiently and of lower fertilizer cost in the fall against the risk of large potential N losses over winter. Key words: Urea, ammonium nitrate, N recovery, frozen soils, fertilizing in winter

Cultivation practices improving seed productivity of tetraploid red clover

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
М. Новосёлов ◽  
Л. Дробышева ◽  
О. Старшинова ◽  
Э. Рекашус ◽  
А. Одноворова
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Yield Capacity ◽  
Clover Seed

В статье изложены результаты исследований влияния инокуляции клубеньковыми бактериями и внекорневых обработок бором и минеральным азотом на семенную продуктивность клевера лугового сорта Марс. Цель работы определить оптимальные варианты внекорневой обработки растений бором и минеральным азотом, в том числе в сочетании с инокуляцией клубеньковыми бактериями, обеспечивающие максимальную семенную продуктивность клевера лугового сорта Марс. Установлено, что внекорневые подкормки минеральным азотом и бором в фазу начала цветения, а также инокуляция эффективным штаммом клубеньковых бактерий повышали его семенную продуктивность. Обработка растений бором повысила урожайность семян на 8,2. Совместное применение бора и инокуляции увеличило эффективность приёма до 20,0 к инокулированному и до 34,4 к неинокулированному контролю. Внекорневое опрыскивание аммиачной селитрой в чистом виде было эффективно в дозах 2,5 и 3,0 кг/га: прибавка к контролю составила соответственно 11,8 и 16,7. Комплексное применение бора и минерального азота наибольшую прибавку урожая семян дало в варианте B N3,0, которая составила 36,6. Инокуляция комплементарным штаммом Rh. trifolii увеличила урожайность семян клевера на 12,0. Обработка растений бором и аммиачной селитрой в различных концентрациях на фоне инокуляции была эффективной во всех вариантах (12,331,4 к инокулированному и 25,847,1 к неинокулированному контролю). Рекомендуется для повышения семенной продуктивности тетраплоидных сортов типа Марс проводить внекорневое опрыскивание растений в фазу начала цветения бором в дозе 0,4 кг/га в комплексе с аммиачной селитрой из расчёта 3,0 кг/га действующего вещества или инокулировать семена перед посевом комплементарными штаммами с последующей внекорневой подкормкой бором (0,4 кг/га) совместно с минеральным азотом (3,0 кг/га). This paper reports on red clover seed productivity affected by the inoculation with nodule bacteria and topdressing with B and mineral N. The aim was to determine optimal treatment rates and combinations leading to the highest seed productivity of clover Mars. Topdressing with B and N at flowering time combined with bacterium inoculation increased its yield capacity. B application improved seed yield by 8.2. B treatment together with inoculation improved clover performance by up to 20.0 and 34.4 compared to the inoculated and non-inoculated controls, respectively. Application rates of 2.5 and 3.0 kg ha-1 showed the best effect when topdressing by pure ammonium nitrate: yield increase amounted to 11.8 and 16.7, respectively. Variant B N3.0 provided the highest yield increase of 36.6. Seed inoculation with Rh. trifolii increased seed productivity by 12.0. Topdressing with different concentrations of B and ammonium nitrate was effective in all the variants on the background of bacterium inoculation (12.331.4 and 25.847.1 compared to inoculated and non-inoculated controls, respectively). Spraying with B (0.4 kg ha-1) and ammonium nitrate (3.0 kg ha-1) with or without seed inoculation by nodule bacteria are recommended to improve tetraploid clover performance.

HALOMORPHISM OF SOME CLAY SOILS IN MANITOBA

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
W. A. Ehrlich ◽  
R. E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Soluble Calcium

The analysis of the principal horizons of 11 halomorphic profiles was undertaken in an attempt to ascertain, chiefly, the kind and quantity of soluble salts and exchangeable cations assumed to be the main causative agents in the formation of solonetzic soils in Manitoba. The results showed that water-soluble sodium was equal to or greater in quantity than water-soluble calcium or water-soluble magnesium; that exchangeable calcium followed closely by exchangeable magnesium dominated the exchange complexes; and that exchangeable sodium in excess of 15 per cent of the exchangeable cations was found only in some horizons of the Solonchak, Solonetz and Solodized-Solonetz soils in the Chesterfield Association.

The uptake of magnesium under exhaustive cropping

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Salmon ◽  
P. W. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Exchangeable Form

1. A range of soils were cropped exhaustively by perennial rye-grass for up to eleven months in the glasshouse; some were also cropped with Dutch white clover.2. At least 100 lb./acre of magnesium was taken up from most soils, and some soils supplied more than 200 lb./acre. The amounts of magnesium taken up decreased with successive harvests, suggesting that the available magnesium was progressively depleted. Although the ‘exhaustion’ magnesium (Mg taken up by crops+residual exchangeable magnesium) was greater than the initial exchangeable magnesium, these two measurements were closely correlated (r = 0·99). If non-exchangeable magnesium was released during cropping, the releases were proportional to the initial exchangeable magnesium contents. However, the exchangeable magnesium measurements may have extracted only a proportion of the magnesium available naturally.3. Any releases of magnesium were small compared with the amounts available from the outset, and the crops obtained magnesium mainly from the exchangeable form. Rye-grass and white clover gave similar results.4. The exchangeable magnesium in some exhausted soils was increased by wetting and drying. This effect may occur in the field, where the magnesium lost in cropping could be replenished by only small releases of non-exchangeable magnesium.

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