scholarly journals Effect of liming on the value of magnesium sulphate and two dolomitic limestones as magnesium sources for ryegrass

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Raili Jokinen
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Neutral Soil ◽  
Limed Soil ◽  
Effective Source

The effect of liming on the fate of magnesium given as either magnesium sulphate (200 mg Mg/3.9kg of soil) or two dolomitic limestones (1140 mg or 1320 mg Mg) in the soil and the values of these three as magnesium sources for ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were studied in pot experiment carried out over two growing seasons. The pH(CaCl2) of the very fine sand used as growth base was raised from its initial value of 4.9 to either 5.7 or 6.5 by the addition of calcitic limestone (12 g or 24 g limestone/3.9 kg of soil, respectively). The magnesium sources were compared at these three levels of soil acidity. At pH(CaCl2) 6.5 about 20 % of the magnesium applied as magnesium sulphate was converted into a form not extractable in 1 M neutral ammonium acetate. This not extractable magnesium appeared to be utilized slowly by ryegrass, which may indicate that magnesium bound in various Al-Mg compounds in limed soil is to some extent available to plants. At pH (CaCl2) 5.7 and 6.5 around 70 % and 85 %, respectively, of the magnesium derived from dolomitic limestones was not extractable in neutral ammonium acetate. The ryegrass was unable to utilize this not extractable magnesium during the two-year experimental period. On an acid soil the dolomitic limestones used were a more effective source of magnesium than magnesium sulphate, though on almost neutral soil there was little difference between the two, despite the large difference in the amount of magnesium applied.

Lime-slotting technique to ameliorate subsoil acidity in a clay soil II. Effects on medic root-growth, water extraction and yield

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
NS Jayawardane ◽  
HD Barrs ◽  
WA Muirhead ◽  
J Blackwell ◽  
E Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Subsoil Acidity ◽  
Soil Water Extraction ◽  
Limed Soil

Subsoil acidity causes low crop production, which is often associated with shallow root development and restricted soil water extraction. In part I of this series, lime-slotting of an acid soil was shown to improve the soil physical and chemical characteristics for root growth. In a lysimeter study on an acid soil, the effects of several soil ameliorative treatments on root growth, water extraction and yields of a medic crop were evaluated. Large lysimeter cores of 0.75 m diameter and 1.35 m deep were used. The soil treatments included a non-ameliorated acid soil, lime-slotting with a 0.15 m wide and 0.8 m deep slot containing 20 t ha-1 of lime, lime-slotting combined with surface phospho-gypsum application at 10 t ha-1, and complete amelioration of the entire soil volume by mixing lime at 133 t ha-1 and repacking to a low bulk density of 1.1 t m-3. In the non-ameliorated acid soil, medic roots were confined to the surface (0.1 m) layer, resulting in limited water extraction of 32 mm during a prolonged drying cycle, and a low dry matter yield of 70 g m-2. In the lime slotted soil, roots grew within the slot to its full depth, although penetration into the undisturbed soil was restricted to the soil immediately adjacent to the slot. Consequently, the root length per unit surface area (La) at depths below 0.1 m depth was increased to 9.9 km m-2. During a drying cycle, water extraction increased to 58 mm. The increased water extraction came from both the slotted soil and the undisturbed soil between slots. This led to an increase in dry matter yields to 270 g m2. In lime-slotted soils with surface gypsum applications, the root growth and crop water extraction patterns were similar to the lime-slotted soil. Repacking limed soil resulted in similar root lengths (L(a) 10.0 km m-2) as lime-slotted soil. However, owing to more uniform distribution of roots in the repacked soil, water extraction was increased to 100 mm and yields increased to 590 g m-2. Yields of non-ameliorated soil were only 12% of the repacked, limed soil. However, lime-slotting which involves loosening only 25% of the soil surface area and addition of only one-sixth of the amount of lime required for complete soil amelioration, led to marked increases in yield (46% of the yield of repacked soil). Future field studies are required to evaluate the optimum limed-slot configurations required for different soils, crops and climatic regimes.

EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF THE ALUMINUM ION ON ROOT DEVELOPMENT AND ESTABLISHMENT OF LEGUME SEEDLINGS

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. MacLeod ◽  
L. P. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Aluminum Ion ◽  
Soil Aluminum ◽  
Limed Soil

Alfalfa, red clover, ladino clover, alsike clover, and birdsfoot trefoil were germinated in soil (pH 6.5) or in inert silica (8 mesh) and allowed to root in a [Formula: see text] Hoagland and Snyder's nutrient solution (pH 4.5) with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 10 p.p.m. of added aluminum. Each species, germinated in silica, was also rooted in an unlimed acid soil (pH 4.6) and the same soil limed to a pH of 6.5.Concentration of aluminum ion remaining in solution was 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 p.p.m. Saturation extracts of the unlimed and limed soil contained 0.45 and 0.0 p.p.m respectively of aluminum ion in solution. The pH of the nutrient solutions with 0.5, 1, and 2 p.p.m. of added aluminum increased to 5.0 or higher in 24 hours while that with 4 and 10 p.p.m. of added aluminum remained relatively constant.Seedling weight and chemical composition of the tops and root portions varied significantly between species. Alfalfa and red clover showed the most vigorous rate of establishment, and yields were higher with 0.1 and 0.2 p.p.m. concentration of aluminum ion than with the zero treatment. Significant restriction of top and root growth of all species occurred with less than 1.0 p.p.m. of aluminum ion while 2.0 p.p.m. was toxic to root growth. Growth restrictions were more severe at 21 days after seeding than at the 28- or 32-day stages. Yield of tops and roots growing into unlimed acid soil were 73 and 71% respectively of those growing into limed soil. Aluminum taken up by the plant was concentrated in the roots and only with the concentration of aluminum at 2.0 p.p.m. was the content in the tops increased significantly. Phosphorus in the roots, which increased significantly with aluminum ion concentration, was apparently immobilized by aluminum. Percent Ca in the roots increased and in the tops decreased with increasing concentrations of aluminum. Content of K and Mg also varied with aluminum concentration.

scholarly journals Fertilizer nitrogen in soil

1961 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-184
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila ◽  
Pentti Hänninen
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Considerable Period

The distribution of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the soils of field trials was followed in two growing seasons. In these trials ammonium nitrate limestone and calcium nitrate were, at several rates, applied as surface dressing. It was found that not only the ammonium nitrogen but also the nitrate nitrogen applied to the surface of loam, silt, silt clay, and fine sand clay soils tended to remain in the top inch for a considerable period in the absence of heavy rainfalls or a longer wet period. The plants appeared rapidly to deplete the layers downwards from 1 inch, but even after six and eight weeks from the application of the fertilizers the ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen contents of the surface inch could be markedly higher in the treated plots than in the untreated ones. In the non-cropped soil, eight weeks after the application of the fertilizers, the mineral nitrogen content of the top inch corresponded to about 60 % of the nitrogen applied. On the basis of these results the working in or placement of nitrogen fertilizers seems to be profitable. Fixation of ammonium nitrogen in unexchangeable forms was observed in some of the trials. This, however, did not significantly impair the value of ammonium nitrate limestone as a nitrogen source in these trials.

scholarly journals Dairy industry sewage sludge as a fertilizer for an acid soil: a laboratory experiment with Lolium multiflorum L.

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Conde Suárez ◽  
S. Seoane ◽  
E. López Mosquera ◽  
F. Solla Gullón ◽  
A. Merino
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Dairy Industry

scholarly journals Herbage production, botanical and plant-part composition of mixed black oat (Avena strigosa Scherb.) annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pastures under different management strategies

2019 ◽  
pp. 1826-1832
Author(s):  
André Brugnara Soares ◽  
André Luis Finkler da Silveira ◽  
Tangriani Simioni Assmann ◽  
Daniel Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Canopy Height ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Forage Production

Mixing annual ryegrass and black oat can improve forage production in subtropical and temperate areas with integrated crop-livestock systems. Thus, we evaluated the forage production dynamics of mixed annual ryegrass-black oat pastures under different management strategies based on canopy height and supplement level. Pastures were continuously stocked with Boer goats at two grazing heights (12 or 21 cm); animals received or did not receive energy supplements (0 and 15 g kg-1 of body weight). These treatments were applied using a factorial scheme (2 × 2) and randomized block design with three replications. We evaluated the herbage accumulation rate (kg of DM h-1 day-1) using the exclusion cage technique, herbage mass (HM, kg of DM ha-1) using the double sampling technique, and botanical and plant-part composition (%) of destructive samplings. Supplementation had no effect on the parameters measured (P ≤ 0.05). Annual ryegrass become the predominant species during the experimental period and mainly at the lowest canopy height. Total herbage production during the 131 days of pasture utilization was 10,280 kg of DM ha-1. The herbage accumulation rate was similar between the two canopy heights; however, it varied throughout experimental period. Leaf lamina mass was lower in treatments 12 cm up to 102 after sowing; after that, they were equivalent. At the end of the study, herbage mass was 2720 kg DM ha-1 with the 21-cm treatment and 2170 kg DM ha-1 with the 12-cm treatment. It is recommended to maintain mixed annual ryegrass-black oat pastures at 12 cm in height. Reasons are discussed throughout the text.

scholarly journals Distribution and Survival of Pseudomonas sp. on Italian Ryegrass and Curly Dock in Georgia

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 660-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhabesh Dutta ◽  
Ronald D. Gitaitis ◽  
Theodore M. Webster ◽  
Hunt Sanders ◽  
Samuel Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Rumex Crispus ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Onion Seed ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Yellow bud, caused by Pseudomonas sp., is an emerging bacterial disease of onion. A polymerase chain reaction assay based on the coronafacate ligase (cfl) and HrpZ genes was used to detect initial suspected bacteria on weeds. Growth on an agar medium, ability to cause a hypersensitive response in tobacco, pathogenicity on onion, and sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA and cfl genes were used to confirm the identity of Pseudomonas sp. recovered from 10 asymptomatic weed species in the Vidalia onion-growing zone (VOZ) of Georgia. Among the weeds identified as epiphytic hosts for Pseudomonas sp., Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and curly dock (Rumex crispus) were prominent because ≥73% of the samples from five sample sites were positive for the bacterium. These weeds are commonly found throughout Georgia and, thus, were selected to assess their role in yellow bud epidemiology. Samples of the two weed species were collected from sites along the perimeter of and within the VOZ (n = 5 sites) during late June, August, and September 2012 and 2013, which represented the time interval between onion growing seasons. Samples (n = 10/weed species/site) were collected and processed for bacterial detection as described above. In June (2012 and 2013), Pseudomonas sp. was detected from Italian ryegrass and curly dock in 100 and 40% of the sample sites, respectively. During the months of August and September (2012), the bacterium was recovered from Italian ryegrass in 60 and 10% of the sample sites, respectively; whereas, in August (2013), Pseudomonas sp. was recovered from 40% of the sample sites. However, the bacterium was not recovered from any of the sites in September (2013). In contrast, during August and September (2012), Pseudomonas sp. was recovered from curly dock in 20 and 80% of the sample sites, respectively. Similarly, in August and September (2013), the bacterium was detected from 40 and 100% of the sample sites, respectively. These data demonstrated that the Pseudomonas sp. responsible for yellow bud can survive as an epiphyte on Italian ryegrass and curly dock between onion crops. Furthermore, using artificially infested onion seed, we demonstrated that Pseudomonas sp. can be transmitted through contaminated seed.

scholarly journals Seed Treatment with 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol-Producing Pseudomonads Improves Crop Health in Low-pH Soils by Altering Patterns of Nutrient Uptake

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 506-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa E. Raudales ◽  
Erica Stone ◽  
Brian B. McSpadden Gardener
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Antifungal Metabolites ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Stress Amelioration

Seed treatment with a 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG)-producing Pseudomonas strain ameliorated abiotic stress disorder in corn caused by growth in a low-pH soil. In two consecutive growing seasons, Wood1R-treated seed gave rise to plants that grew taller (P ≤ 0.05), had fewer foliar lesions (P ≤ 0.10), and provided greater yields (P ≤ 0.1) than the negative controls when grown in soil with a pH < 5.0. Under controlled conditions, seed treatment with Wood1R also reduced foliar lesion severity (P ≤ 0.05 in two of three experiments) but failed to increase shoot or root growth in young seedlings grown in acidic soil. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) patterns of altered mineral nutrient uptake (i.e., generally increasing P and Mg while reducing Al) were observed to occur as a result of Wood1R seed treatment under both sets of growing conditions. In contrast, suppression of seedling damping-off disease was not indicated in this low-pH soil, because no difference in crop stand was observed for any experiment. Additionally, Wood1R-mediated growth inhibition of seedling pathogens was reduced in vitro at pH < 5.0, indicating that secretion of antifungal metabolites may not occur in low-pH soils. This is the first report of an abiotic stress amelioration of acid soil stress-related symptoms by a DAPG-producing pseudomonad.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation and Correlation among Seedling and Mature Plant Traits of Soybean Evaluated in Acid Sand Culture and on Acid/Neutral Soil Fields of Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
G. O. S. Ojo ◽  
S. A. Ayuba
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Days To Flowering ◽  
Neutral Soil ◽  
Heritability Estimates

<p>Experiments in acid sand culture, acid and neutral soil fields were carried out in 2003 with the objective of studying genetic variability and correlation among seedling and mature plant traits with a view of guiding breeders on appropriate selection options in breeding for aluminium/acid stress tolerant soybean in Nigeria. Genotypic variance was high for all the sand culture traits (root dry weight, shoot dry weight and relative root surface area), leading to the high heritability estimates of 77.85% to 83.72%. Genetic advance as a percentage of the mean (GA) was very high (85.51%-155.84%) for the sand culture traits. As expected, a better performance in terms of grain yield and yield components was observed for the neutral soil field compared to the acid soil field. However, higher heritability estimates were observed for the field traits measured on the acid soil field compared to the neutral soil field. Heritability estimates for the days to flowering and plant height were high (66.44%-79.63%) compared to the moderate heritability (47.42%-58.89%) observed for the number of pods/plant and grain yield on both soils. Conversely, the GA for days to flowering and plant height was lower (12.08%-26.49%) compared to the values (27.27%-41.56%) observed for number of pods/plant and grain yield on both fields. Higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation (GCV and PCV) were observed for the sand culture traits compared to the field traits. On the acid and neutral soil fields GCV and PCV values were lower for the days to flowering and plant height compared to the values observed for the number of pods/plant and grain yield, with highly significant correlation between/within the sand culture traits and the field traits. These results indicate that selection of soybean genotypes with high seedling root dry weight and relative root surface area in acid sand culture at 450 μM Al<sup>3+</sup> will enhance progress in the selection of high yielding acid tolerant tropically adapted genotypes of soybean on acid soils of Nigeria.</p>

RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF HIGH RATES OF LIMESTONE, P, K AND Mg APPLICATIONS: EVIDENCE OF INDUCED Mn AND Zn DEFICIENCY IN OATS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. KOWALENKO ◽  
E. F. MAAS ◽  
C. I. VANLAERHOVEN
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Field Plot ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Zn Uptake ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
And Zn Deficiency ◽  
Yield Of Oats

In a field plot study to examine the residual effects of heavy rates of coarse limestone (0, 11, 22 and 44 t/ha) in combination with P (560 kg/ha), K (1120 kg/ha), Mg (560 kg/ha) and PKMg (560 + 1120 + 560 kg/ha) applied five growing seasons previously, dry matter production of oats (grain and straw) decreased with increasing rate of limestone application. The decrease was attributed to lime-induced Mn and Zn deficiency. Both Mn and Zn uptake decreased significantly with increased limestone applications. Plant Mn and Zn concentrations were below critical levels in the heavily limed treatments. Neutral normal ammonium acetate soil extractable Mn was significantly related to oats Mn uptake and yield. This same extractant for Zn was not related to uptake of Zn or yield of oats. After the fifth season of cropping, residual limestone (Ca), P and K effects were evident as increased plant uptake and soil extractable Ca, P and K. Residual Mg was shown only by soil extractable Mg.

Herbage yield and nitrogen accumulation by seven legume crops on acid and neutral soils in a subarctic environment

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Sparrow ◽  
Verlan L. Cochran ◽  
Elena B. Sparrow
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Legume Crops ◽  
Neutral Soil

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), yellow sweet-clover (Medicago officinalis L.), fababean (Vicia faba L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) were evaluated as annual crops in central Alaska on neutral and acid soils for their potential herbage productivity and N accumulation. Herbage dry matter yields were high on the neutral soil, with an overall average yield of 6927 kg ha−1. Yields were much lower at the cooler, acid soil site with an overall average yield of 3743 kg ha−1 for inoculated legumes. Herbage N concentrations ranged from 14 to 36 mg g−1. Amounts of N-fixation, as estimated by the total N difference method, ranged from < 50 kgha−1 for some legumes on the acid soil to > 200 kg ha−1 for fababean on the neutral soil. Inoculation resulted in increases in nodulation, growth and apparent N-fixation on the acid soil where legumes had not previously been grown, but were usually not significant on the neutral soil where legumes had been grown for many years. Liming the acid soil resulted in significant increases in soil pH and in nodulation, herbage yield, and herbage N yield. Key words: Forage legume crops, Alaska, liming, N-fixation

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