scholarly journals The significance of soil microorganisms as a limiting factor in infection of clover by Sclerotinia trifoliorum erikss. at different times of the year

1964 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-134
Author(s):  
Anna-Marja Halkilahti
Keyword(s):  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pronounced Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sclerotinia Trifoliorum ◽  
Other Hand

In the petri dish trials the mycelia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum in sterilized soil samples generally infected clover quite readily. In unsterilized samples the infection was less severe and showed marked variations in different years and at different times of the year. In the outdoor trials clover became less infected in the middle of the summer than in the spring and autumn. On the other hand, in the thermostat trials, where the temperature was constantly 7—10°C, the temperature at the time of taking the soil samples did not have a pronounced effect on the extent of clover infection. Liming of the soil caused a marked decrease in the severity of clover rot infection. In some autumns clover plants growing in soil samples taken from fallow were more seriously infected than those growing in soil from a clover field. As a rule, however, there were only slight variations in the extent of infection in the soil samples taken at the same time from the various areas of the field cultivated in different ways. In general, the highest numbers of microorganisms in the soil were found in the autumn and the lowest in the spring. In clover fields there were often more microorganisms – particularly in the autumn – than in fallow. Liming caused an increase in the numbers of soil microbes. S. trifoliorum infected clover very severely at temperatures of 0—5°C; in the range 5—21°C the infection grew generally milder the more the temperature was found to be rising. At temperatures of 5– 10°C an increase in the numbers of soil microbes resulted in a decrease in the infection of the clover. Still higher temperatures, which did not increase the numbers of soil microorganisms, nevertheless enhanced the antagonistic power of the soil.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. in snail meat

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 6074-2018
Author(s):  
WALDEMAR PASZKIEWICZ ◽  
KRZYSZTOF SZKUCIK ◽  
MONIKA ZIOMEK ◽  
MICHAŁ GONDEK ◽  
RENATA PYZ-ŁUKASIK
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Raw Meat ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cornu Aspersum ◽  
Meat Samples

The objective of the research was to determine the occurrence of microorganisms of the Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. in raw and frozen (cooked) snail meat obtained from both free-living and farmed edible snails. The research material comprised meat samples collected from three snail species (25g from each), that is, Roman snail (Helix pomatia – HP), small brown garden snail (Cornu aspersum aspersum – CAA) and large brown garden snail (Cornu aspersum maxima – CAM). Roman snails came from their natural environment and were harvested in Wielkopolska Voivodeship and Lower Silesia Voivodeship (regions A and B, respectively). The Cornu genus snails were obtained from two heliciculture farms located in the abovementioned voivodeships (farms A and B, respectively). On both farms, the snails were maintained under the mixed rearing system. The raw meat samples taken from the edible portion of snails, that is, the foot with collar and a fragment of the mantle, were obtained after the snails were sacrificed in the laboratory. The frozen meat samples, on the other hand, came from a snail meat processing facility. A total of 300 samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella spp., and 240 for the presence of Listeria spp. The research also included pooled soil samples of 0.5 kg each collected from polytunnels (in the pre-fattening stage) and outdoor farming plots (in the fattening stage). The tests for the Salmonella presence were performed in accordance with Polish standard PN-EN ISO 6579:2003, and the test for Listeria complied with PN-EN ISO 11290-1:1999. Listeria monocytogenes was identified by the PCR technique. Salmonella spp. were not detected in any of the 300 samples of raw and cooked snail meat under study. Nor were these pathogens isolated from the soil samples. The absence of these bacteria in the raw meat samples indicates that Salmonella spp. did not occur in either the natural habitat of Roman snails or the two farms producing Cornu genus snails. On the other hand, bacteria of Listeria spp. were detected in 101 (42.1%) snail meat samples. A particularly high load of microbiota was found in raw meat, as these bacteria contaminated from 60% (for HP from region A and CAM from farm B) up to 75% (for CAA from farm A) of samples. Notably, a markedly lower percentage (35%) of samples containing Listeria spp. was found only among the Roman snail raw meat samples from the region B. Listeria spp. were also detected in all the soil samples. Thermal treatment of meat achieved a substantial reduction in the load of Listeria spp., but did not eliminate it. The frequency of this genus in frozen meat samples was from 63.5% (for CAM from farm A) to 15.4% (for CAA from farm B) of that in raw meat. The PCR technique was used identify 15 selected strains, including 11 from raw meat samples and 4 from cooked meat. A total of 5 isolates were recognized as Listeria monocytogenes (2.1% of all samples examined and 4.95% of samples with Listeria spp.). All of them originated from the raw meat of farmed snails, including one (CAA) from the farm A and four (3 CAA and 1 CAM) from the farm B. Bacteria of the Salmonella and Listeria genera occur in the natural habitat of edible snails, which poses a potential hazard to human health. Effective implementation of control programmes at the primary production stage is the first step that could considerably limit the presence of these pathogens in farmed snails and, consequently, in snail meat. .

scholarly journals Interlaboratory Comparison of Methods To Quantify Microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae in Soil

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 3846-3853 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Termorshuizen ◽  
J. R. Davis ◽  
G. Gort ◽  
D. C. Harris ◽  
O. C. Huisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Interlaboratory Comparison ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Soil Suspension ◽  
Blinded Fashion ◽  
Dry Soil

ABSTRACT In a comparison of different methods for estimatingVerticillium dahliae in soil, 14 soil samples were analyzed in a blinded fashion by 13 research groups in seven countries, using their preferred methods. One group analyzed only four samples. Twelve soil samples were naturally infested, and two had known numbers of microsclerotia of V. dahliae added to them. In addition, a control was included to determine whether transport had an effect on the results. Results differed considerably among the research groups. There was a 118-fold difference between the groups with the lowest and highest mean estimates. Results of the other groups were evenly distributed between these extremes. In general, methods based on plating dry soil samples gave higher numbers of V. dahliae than did plating of an aqueous soil suspension. Recovery of V. dahliae from samples with added microsclerotia varied from 0 to 59%. Most of the variability within each analysis was at the petri dish level. The results indicate the necessity to check the performance of detection assays regularly by comparing recoveries with other laboratories, using a common set of soil samples. We conclude that wet plating assays are less accurate than dry plating assays.

Behavior of Pyrazon in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Frank ◽  
C. M. Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Exponential Function ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Time Characteristic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chemical Determination

The disappearance of 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone (pyrazon) from soil was studied using Brassica species for bioassay and the spectrophotometer and chromogenic reagents for chemical determination. Loss of pyrazon from soil appeared to be an exponential function of time characteristic of the activity of soil microorganisms. On the other hand, non-biological degradation appeared negligible. Leaching of pyrazon appeared to be insignificant or minor. The greater part of the herbicide remained in the top 3 inches of soil.

Distribution of metallic trace elements (ETM) in surface soils around the Mediouna discharge (southern of Casablanca)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Metallic Trace Elements ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Uncontrolled Landfill

The objective of present research was to characterize the surface soils located at 300, 600 and 1000 m of an uncontrolled landfill. The work also aims to evaluate the levels and spatial distribution of metallic trace elements (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Co and As) in these soils. Soil samples were collected in 36 points around the landfill. Results showed that Cd, Pb, Zn are concentrated in the soils rich in clay and carbonates, and in organic matter, located at 300 m from the landfill. The basic pH of all soils enhances the retention of these metals. On the other hand, As present in soils at 300, 600 and 1000 m at concentrations slightly higher than those of referenced soils were apparently mobilized by water from the solid/water interfaces. The other metals Cu, Ni, Co, Cr are present at very low concentrations.

Democracy’s Autonomy Dilemma: Whistleblowing and the Politics of Disclosure

2021 ◽  
pp. 073527512110548
Author(s):  
Thomas Olesen
Keyword(s):  
Pronounced Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Gray Areas

Democracy has been characterized from its outset by an autonomy dilemma. On the one hand, we think it vital that organizations work according to their own codes and logics. On the other hand, we insist that autonomy must never be complete, that citizens have a right to transgress boundaries to expose wrongdoing. With their insider position in the organizations where wrongdoing occurs, whistleblowers hold a unique place within this democratic politics of disclosure, which has so far not been sociologically theorized. This article takes four steps to address this lacuna: First, I situate whistleblowing within the democratic landslides that took place during the 1960s and 1970s; second, I disentangle it from practices such as journalism and activism; third, I argue that whistleblowers are particularly well positioned to detect normalized wrongdoing within organizations; and fourth, I discuss how whistleblowers’ most pronounced effect is the disclosure of gray areas that have gone under the democratic radar.

Oestrous activity of Egyptian fat-tailed Ossimi ewes raised at different locations

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Aboul-Naga ◽  
M. B. Aboul-Ela
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Activity ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Teaser Rams

SummaryOestrous activity of three flocks of Ossimi, subtropical fat-tailed ewes was detected by teaser rams over a calendar year. The flocks were raised at north Delta, mid-Delta and middle Egypt.The two Delta flocks showed irregularity in percentage of ewes coming into oestrus monthly, with a marked decrease in March, April and May, April being the lowest. On the other hand, the mid-Egypt flock showed consistent oestrous activity throughout the year, with small fluctuations.The three flocks showed month-to-month variation in incidence of oestrus per ewe, with lower activity in the spring months. Neither of the two Delta flocks showed real regular oestrous activity in any month throughout the year, with high ewe variation. Some ewes showed regular activity throughout the year (16–20 cycles), whereas some others showed only 4–7 cycles per year.There were two periods of the year with high frequency of anoestrus. The more intense was March–May while fewer ewes had an anoestrous period in July–August. This was the case in the three flocks but with varying intensity.A period of more than 1 year of detecting oestrus affected oestrous performance of the ewes and should be avoided.

Effect of growth hormone and thyroxine on growth and chemical composition of muscle, bone and other tissues in thyroidectomized-hypophysectomized rats

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (4) ◽  
pp. 859-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert O. Scow
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Pronounced Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Hormone Administration ◽  
Hormone Administration ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Accelerated Growth

Rats were thyroidectomized-hypophysectomized at weaning and 5 weeks later treated for 36 days with either growth hormone (0.1 or 0.5 mg/day), thyroxine (2.5 µg/day), or both. Growth hormone stimulated growth of all tissues whereas thyroxine accelerated growth of only muscle and certain viscera. The growth response of some tissues to thyroxine was as pronounced as that to growth hormone. Administration of thyroxine increased the response to growth hormone of only the tissues that grew when thyroxine was given alone. Although thyroxine had no effect on the amount of bone protein in growth hormone treated and untreated rats, it had a pronounced effect on the morphology (length and maturation) of bone. The amount of collagen in muscle increased with dosage of growth hormone; thyroxine had no effect on this response. Myosin, on the other hand, increased with growth hormone dosage only in those animals also given thyroxine. Thyroxine given alone increased myosin deposition in muscle but had no effect on collagen in muscle, bone or skin.

Effets de la thymectomie néonatale sur la teneur en magnésium du plasma et de quelques tissus du rat

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-503
Author(s):  
P. Deschaux ◽  
Binimbi-Massengo ◽  
Y. Charnot ◽  
R. Fontanges
Keyword(s):  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Magnesium Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
Protein Factor ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Other Hand

White rats were thymectomized neonatally. After 60 days, no alteration was noted in the plasma or testis magnesium level. On the other hand, a marked decrease was observed in the magnesium content of muscle (−23%) and of bone (−19%). The injection of thymosin reversed these changes. These findings suggest that a correlation between the thymus and the muscle is exerted by a protein factor (thymosin), and that the thymus may act on sex glands through an indirect pathway.

scholarly journals How Fertilisation Affects Distribution Of Carbon And Nutrients In Vineyard Soil?

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Vladimír Šimanský ◽  
Ján Horák ◽  
Otto Ložek ◽  
Juraj Chlpík
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Available P ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Vineyard Soil ◽  
C And N

Abstract The effect of fertilisation on C and N, P, K nutrients distribution in the Rendzic Leptosol in locality Nitra-Dražovce was studied. We evaluated the following treatments of fertilisation: (1) G (non-fertilised), (2) FYM (farmyard manure – dose 40 t/ha), (3) G+NPK3 (grass + 3rd intensity of fertilisation for vineyards), and (4) G+NPK1 (grass + 1st intensity of fertilisation for vineyards). The soil samples were taken in spring during the years 2008–2015. Obtained results showed that the content of organic carbon (Corg) decreased in the following order: G+NPK1 > FYM > G > G+NPK3 and content of total nitrogen (Nt) decreased in the following order: FYM > G+NPK3 > G+NPK1 > G. The application of NPK in the 1st intensity of fertilisation for vineyards and added FYM build up a Corg at an average rate of 370 and 229 mg/kg/year, respectively. On the other hand, contents of Nt due to fertilisation declined in FYM, G+NPK3 and G+NPK1 at an average rate of 53, 22 and 20 mg/kg/year, respectively. Available P and K contents were also increased after the fertilisation of FYM and NPK. Added fertilisers (G+NPK3) significantly build up a P at an average rate of 10.2 mg/kg/year.

scholarly journals Results of the study on measurements of heavy metals concentrations in organs and tissues of livestock grazing on pastures around mining industry in gobi zone

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Bayatogtokh B ◽  
Delgermoron D ◽  
Tsend-Ayush S ◽  
Lkhamjav G ◽  
Tserenchimed S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Uranium Mining ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Addition Level

Level of the heavy metals was measured in tissue and blood samples from 19 cattle, 20 horse, 38 camel, 89 sheep and 102 goats in several mining areas such as Ulaanbadrakh soum (uranium mining) and Airag soum (spar mining) of Dornogovi province. In addition, level of the lead in the liver of sheep and goat samples from Zuunbayan soum of Dornogovi province was bit higher than same samples from other sampling areas. In the result, level of the copper was 814 ppm in the liver samples of sheep, 734 ppm in the liver samples of goat and they were and 2.5-4.0 fold higher than international permissible value. On the other hand, level of the cadmium was 352,789±122,64 mg/kg in kidney samples of horse, indicating that amount of these heavy metals were enough high to have toxicities in animals. Except for these results, level of heavy metals was not higher than international permissible value in plant and soil samples. Говийн бүсийн уул уурхайн хайгуул олборлолтын бүс орчимд бэлчээрлэж буй малын эд, эрхтэн дэх хүнд металлын агууламжийг тодорхойлсон судалгааны дүнгээс Хураангуй: Дорноговь аймгийн Улаанбадрах, Зүүнбаян сумын нутаг дэвсгэрт ураны хайгуул, туршилтын олборлолт явуулж буй бүс нутаг, Айраг сумын жоншны уурхайн олборлолтын бүс нутаг орчим бэлчээрлэж буй 89 хонь, 102 ямаа, 19 үхэр, 38 тэмээ, 20 адууны эд эрхтэн болон цусанд хүнд металлын (хар тугалга, зэс, кадми) агууламжийг тодорхойлов. Хар тугалга нь тархи болон бөөрийг маш хүндээр гэмтээдэг, ясыг зөөлрүүлдэг, төдийгүй хордолт нь үхэлд хүргэх аюултай бодис билээ. Маш удаан хугацаагаар энэ бодист өртөгдсөн хүүхэд төдийгүй томчуудын мэдрэлийн системийг гэмтээдэг, бага багаар хуримтлагдсаар хордлого үүсгэх, хүний мэдрэлийн эрхтэнд муугаар нөлөөлөх талтай. Хар тугалга нь хүний биед нөлөөлөх байдлаараа хортой бодисын ангилалд ордоггүй. Хөнөөлт бодист тооцогдоно. Иймд мал амьтны эд эрхтэнд агуулагдаж буй хар тугалга болон зэсийн агууламжийг дахин нарийнсудлах шаардлагатай байна. Түлхүүр үг: Хар тугалга, зэс, Индукцэн холбоост плазм масс спектрометр.

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