Verkkokeskustelijoiden käsitykset hän- ja se-pronominien norminvastaisesta käytöstä

Virittäjä ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katri Priiki
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Online Discussions ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun ◽  
Pronoun Use ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Right ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
Colloquial Speech ◽  
The Third Person

Artikkeli tarkastelee ei-kielitieteilijöiden käymää keskustelua eläimeen viittaavasta hän-pronominista sekä ihmiseen viittaavasta se-pronominista internetin keskustelupalstoilla. Normitetussa suomen kielessä eläimiin viittaavan kolmaspersoonaisen pronominin sääntö on tiukempi kuin monissa muissa kielissä. Esimerkiksi ruotsissa ja englannissa persoonapronominin käyttö eläimistä sallitaan ja sitä jopa suositellaan tietyissä tilanteissa, mutta suomessa vain demonstratiivipronomini on yleiskielen mukainen. Hän-pronominia kuitenkin käytetään viittaamassa erityisesti lemmikkieläimiin ainakin puhutussa kielessä, lastenkirjoissa ja leikittelevissä, vapaamuotoisissa teksteissäkin. Se-pronomini taas on puheessa tavallinen ihmisviitteisenä. Keskusteluissa esiin tuotavia käsityksiä tutkitaan kansanlingvistisestä näkökulmasta yhdistämällä sisällönanalyysiä ja diskurssianalyysiä. Tulokset täydentävät aiemmin kyselyaineistojen perusteella tehtyä tarkastelua ja vertaavat kahta pronomininormia koskevia käsityksiä toisiinsa. Havainto, että ei-kielitieteilijät keskittyvät normiin ja vaativat yksiselitteisiä sääntöjä, ei yllätä. Normidiskurssia selvästi yleisempää on kuitenkin vedota arvostukseen ja väitellä siitä, ilmaiseeko pronominivalinta puhujan suhtautumista viittauskohteeseen. Keskustelijat ovat aidosti erimielisiä, ja kummankin normin rikkomista myös puolustetaan ja ymmärretään. Verkkokeskustelijat kytkevät kaksi pronomininormia yhteen kahdella erilaisella tavalla: se-pronominin käyttöä ihmisistä käytetään sekä puolustamassa että vastustamassa hän-pronominin käyttöä eläimistä. Alueellinen vaihtelu nousee verkkokeskusteluissa esiin harvemmin kuin aiemmin tarkastelluissa kyselyvastauksissa. Normidiskurssin vastapainoksi asettuvat käsitykset tilanteen mukaan vaihtelevista käyttötavoista sekä kielenkäyttäjän oikeudesta käyttää kieltä haluamallaan tavalla. Lisäksi verkkokeskustelijat esittävät, että hän-pronominin käyttö viittaamassa eläimiin olisi lisääntynyt viime vuosina muiden kielten vaikutuksesta tai siksi, että ihmisten suhtautuminen lemmikkieläimiin on muuttunut.   Online discussions about rules for third-person pronoun use in Finnish The article examines online discussions regarding the use of the personal pronoun hän ‘he, she’ for animals and the demonstrative pronoun se ‘it’ for people. In Standard Finnish, the norm regulating the third-person pronouns used for animal referents is stricter than in many other languages. In English and Swedish, for instance, a personal pronoun is allowed and even recommended in some contexts. Even though it is against the norms of Standard Finnish, the personal pronoun hän ‘he, she’ may refer to pets in colloquial speech, children’s books and playful style. The demonstrative pronoun se ‘it’, in turn, refers to all kinds of referents, including people, in informal spoken language. The approach in this article is folk linguistic and the methods used are those of discourse analysis and content analysis. It is not surprising that participants in online discussions focus on the standard norm and insist upon simple, unambiguous rules. However, a more common discourse in the data is to argue as to whether the choice of pronoun is linked to a demonstration of respect for animals. The perspectives regarding the two norms governing pronoun use intertwine in several interesting ways, and breaking these norms can be justified by situational variation and the right to use language freely. Many participants in online discussions think that the use of hän for animals may have increased due to the influence of other languages and changing attitudes towards animals.

scholarly journals Anaforinen nolla: Kielioppia ja affekteja

Virittäjä ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Auli Hakulinen ◽  
Lea Laitinen
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Anaphoric Pronouns ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Story Character ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Semantic Properties

Anaphoric zero: Grammar and affect [myös suomeksi] (englanti)2/2008 (112)Anaphoric zero: Grammar and affectThe article examines the syntactic and semantic properties of the anaphoric zero in spoken and written Finnish. Referentially, the zero is equivalent to the third person pronoun hn he/she or he they. However, the writers started out with the hypothesis that this does not necessarily hold for other possible kinds of meaning conveyed by the two different devices, the anaphoric zero and anaphoric pronouns. In standardised written language the conditions for use of the zero are fairly clear cut: within a sentence it is mainly used as an anaphoric device, but in a subordinate clause that precedes the main clause it is also used as a forward-looking, anticipatory anaphor. In spoken language as well as in literary prose the syntactic conditions are more flexible. During the course of the research, it was the literary texts that proved especially fruitful for understanding the implications involved in the use of the anaphoric zero.In earlier work (e.g. Kalliokoski 1990; Heinonen 1995), it has been pointed out that the anaphoric zero typically ties two successive clauses together more tightly than a pronoun would. The writers are able to show that it does something else as well. In talk-in-interaction, it conveys the speakers commitment to and often affiliation with the previous speakers perspective and stance. In reported speech - both in spoken language and in literary dialogue - the zero can convey the speakers attitude concerning the thoughts of the person being referred to, for example irony and empathy.The writers argue that when the zero represents one alternative in a paradigm it is empty only in (morpho)syntactical terms, not in terms of meaning. Whether the speaker chooses a pronoun (hn or he) or a zero, he/she makes a rhetorical choice. The zero alternative creates implications, expressing the speakers affective stance and attitude in relation to the characters in the story, or his/her interpretation of the speech, thought or behaviour of the co-participant or the story character that he/she is quoting.It is striking that in more than 90 per cent of the 150 examples used, the verb is at the beginning of the utterance or turn. In the rest of the cases, the verb is often preceded by an epistemic adverb (varmaan definitely, tuskin hardly), or the utterance is formed as a fixed construction. The writers hypothesise that the grammar of the anaphoric zero should include verb initial position as one of its constitutive factors. This factor is typical both for co-ordinated and subordinated sentences of the standard written language that are governed by syntactic rules, and for the turn-initial expressions that arise from the speakers or narrators affective stance towards the matter at hand.Auli Hakulinen Lea Laitinen- - - - - - - - - - - -Anaforinen nolla: Kielioppia ja affektejaArtikkeli käsittelee anaforisen nollan syntaktisia ja semanttisia ominaisuuksia puhutussa ja kirjoitetussa suomessa. Referentiaalisesti nolla vastaa kolmannen persoonan pronomineja hän, he. Lähdimme kuitenkin siitä oletuksesta, että vastaavuus ei välttämättä koske niiden muita funktioita. Normitetussa kirjakielessä nollan käytön ehdot ovat jokseenkin selvät: virkkeen rajoissa se on anaforinen mutta päälausetta edeltävässä sivulauseessa myös eteenpäin katsova, ennakoiva anafora. Puhutussa kielessä samoin kuin kaunokirjallisessa proosassa anaforisen nollan syntaktiset ehdot ovat joustavammat. Varsinkin kaunokirjalliset tekstit osoittautuivat hedelmällisiksi yrittäessmme tutkimuksen kuluessa ymmrätää nollan käyttöön liittyviä implikaatioita. Aikaisemmassa tutkimuksessa (Kalliokoski 1990, Heinonen 1995) on todettu, että anaforinen nolla sitoo kaksi perättäistä lausetta tiukemmin yhteen kuin pronomini. Omassa tutkimuksessamme voimme osoittaa sen tekevän muutakin. Keskustelupuheessa se välittää puhujan sitoutumista ja usein asettumista (affiliaatiota) edellisen puhujan perspektiiviin ja asennoitumiseen. Referoinnissa - niin vapaassa puheessa kuin kaunokirjallisessa dialogissakin - nolla voi tuoda esiin puhujan asennoitumisen puheenalaisen henkilön ajatuksiin, esimerkiksi ironisia tai empaattisia affekteja.Väitämme siis, että kun nolla on yksi paradigman vaihtoehdoista, se on tyhjä vain (morfo)syntaktisesti, ei merkitykseltään. Käyttää puhuja sitten pronominia hän, he tai nollaa, hän tekee retorisen valinnan. Nollavaihtoehto luo implikaatioita, ilmaisee puhujan affektia ja suhtautumista kertomuksen henkilöön tai tulkintaa referoimansa puhekumppanin tai kertomuksen henkilön puheesta, ajattelusta tai käyttäytymisestä.Huomiota herttää, että yli 90 %:ssa 150 esimerkistämme verbi on lausuman- tai vuoronalkuinen. Lopuissa tapauksista verbi edeltää usein episteeminen adverbi (varmaan, tuskin) tai lausumana on kiteytynyt konstruktio. Hypoteesimme on, että verbialkuisuus on anaforisen nollan kieliopin tärkeä piirre. Se on tyypillinen kirjoitetussa kielessä sekä rinnasteisille ja alisteisille virkkeille, joita säätelevät kirjakielen normit, että vuoronalkuisille ilmauksille, jotka ilmentävät puhujan tai kertojan affektista suhtautumista käsillä olevaan. Auli Hakulinen Lea Laitinen

Le rôle de certains facteurs (morpho-)syntaxiques et informationnels dans le choix de il ou de celui-ci

Revue Romane ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemie Demol
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun ◽  
Topic Shift ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
The Third Person

This contribution1 provides a corpus-based analysis of some (morpho-) syntactic factors that influence the choice between the third person clitic pronoun il and the demonstrative pronoun celui-ci : the syntactic function of the antecedent, as well as its form, and the syntactic function of the pronoun itself. Special attention is paid to a series of counterexamples to Zribi-Hertz’s (1992) constraint on discursive promotion. The different tendencies observed for il and celui-ci with respect to the syntactic criteria examined, provide evidence for the hypothesis that il marks topic continuity and celui-ci a topic shift and ultimately lead to a reformulation of the constraint on discursive promotion in terms of topic promotion.

scholarly journals Research of Pronoun Renjia in Semantic and Rhetorical Function

Humaniora ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Sofi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Teaching ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
The Third Person

Pronoun renjia is a personal pronoun and its basic functions similar to “other people”. But, in the actual use of pronoun renjia, it can refer to the third person “he, she, they”, refers to the second “you”, and refers to the first person "I, we ". Pronoun renjia has a wide range of functions with a rich function of rhetoric and rhetorical effect compared to the three pronouns. The context of classroom teaching, appropriate design of language environment of pronoun renjia will give student a better understanding on the pronoun renjia’s usage. 

scholarly journals Reflexives and Intensifiers in Dagbani and Gurenɛ

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Samuel Alhassan Issah ◽  
Avea E. Nsoh ◽  
Samuel Awinkene Atintono
Keyword(s):  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
The Third ◽  
Reflexive Pronouns ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person

This paper discusses the morphology and distribution of reflexive pronouns and self-intensifiers in two Mabia (Gur) languages of Ghana, Gurenε and Dagbani. We show that reflexive pronouns in both languages are bimorphemic, comprising of a personal pronoun and the reflexivizer -miŋa and -maŋa ‘self’, for Gurenε and Dagbani respectively. We again, show that self-intensifiers and reflexives are morphologically distinct as the former has additional morpheme -maŋ and -m/ for Dagbani and Gurenε respectively, which we analyse as being responsible for the emphatic readings of self-intensifiers. We also demonstrate that reflexives are invariably in the same clause with their antecedents. We however, contend that unlike Dagbani, the third person emphatic eŋa ‘she/he’ and its weak counterpart a ‘she/he’ are mutually exclusive in Gurenε, explaining why personalnames are incompatible with the former. Finally, we demonstrate that adnominal and inclusive intensifiers seem to have similar distribution, suggesting that the Gurenε and Dagbani data do not justify the postulation of three subtypes of intensifiers.

scholarly journals Reconnaissance of Voices: The Narrative Voices in a Short Story and a Prose Poem

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4S4) ◽  
pp. 70-72
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Prose Poem ◽  
Mother Daughter Relationship ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Narrative Voices

A story reaches the readers through the voice of the narrator. Either be it a piece of literature, a movie or a play, the techniques a narrator adopts plays a crucial role in driving home the narrated part in the right sense. The reader should be able to feel the same as the author, provided the author uses the right tone of the narration. The narration may be from different perspectives. The narration may be in the first –person or the third person; the tense may be either present or past; the usage of foundational devices like similes and metaphors may be used; with a goal of attaining fulfilment in telling a story, the narrator may shift the responsibility of imagination from his or her own shoulders to the shoulders of the readers, so that the readers visualize the story with hues of their own imagination, immersed in scenes of their flair. To an extent, dialogues also play a vital role in allowing the reader to experience the words of the characters in the storyline. The present paper analyses two pieces of literature – a short story and a prose poem. The common thread that connects both the literary pieces is that they project images of a mother-daughter relationship. The paper compares Alice Munro’s “Voices” and Jamaica Kincaid’s “Girl”.

scholarly journals The joint owners’ grant exploitation rights to the third person on joint ownership goodsPaydaşların paylı mülkiyet konusu eşyadan üçüncü kişileri yararlandırma yetkileri

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 399
Author(s):  
Zeynep Özcan
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Joint Ownership ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Third Person

Joint ownership, which is the most prevalent type of co-ownership, is regulated between Article 688 and Article 700 of Turkish Civil Code (hereinafter referred to as “TCC”). Joint ownership is the type of co-ownership, in which more than one person, whom have the same legal status, enjoy the property rights pro rate to their shares. Joint ownership, which is widely seen in theory and practice, has important legal aspects in terms of joint owners’ rights and authorities. Each joint owner of joint ownership has the same rights and authorities as any sole property owner had. The concept of share and joint owners’ power of disposition are significant issues within the Joint ownership. Joint owners have certain rights with respect to usufruct, management and protection of that property. Exploitation rights of such property are determined pro rata to shares hold by the joint owners . Specifically, there are certain limitations for joint owners in terms of the exploitation rights of that property. The right to grant exploitation in favor of third parties by joint owners limits the exploitation rights of other joint owners. Joint owners may grant easements to any third party on the property that subjected to Joint ownership. All joint owners should cast an affirmative vote so as to grant such easement. Besides this, each joint owner may establish any easement rights in favor of any third party upon its shares.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet             Birlikte mülkiyetin en yaygın türü olan paylı mülkiyet, TMK. m. 688 ve 700 arasında düzenlenmektedir. Paylı mülkiyet, aynı hukukî statüdeki birden fazla kişinin belirli bir eşyaya aynı anda payları oranında malik oldukları toplu mülkiyetin bir türüdür. Teori ve uygulamada sıklıkla karşılaşılan paylı mülkiyet birliği, sahiplerine tanıdığı hak ve yetkiler bakımından da önemlidir. Paylı mülkiyet birliğini oluşturan paydaşlardan her biri malikin sahip olduğu hak ve yükümlülüklere sahiptir. Paylı mülkiyette pay kavramı ve paydaşların pay üzerinde tasarruf yetkileri önemlidir. Paydaşların paylı mülkiyet konusu eşya üzerinde kullanma, yararlanma, yönetim yetkileri ve paylı mülkiyete konu eşyayı korumaya ilişkin yetkileri vardır. Bu yetkilerden, paydaşların yararlanma yetkileri pay oranlarına göre belirlenir. Özellikle de paydaşların paylı mülkiyet konusu eşyayı kullanma yetkilerine ilişkin kanuni ve iradi sınırlamalar bulunmaktadır. Paydaşların 3. kişileri paylı mülkiyet konusu eşyadan yararlandırma yetkisi onların eşyayı kullanma yetkisini sınırlandırmaktadır. Paydaşlar eşya üzerinde 3. kişi lehine irtifak hakkı kurabilirler. Bu durum paydaşların oybirliği ile karar almalarını gerektirir. Ayrıca her paydaş kendi payı üzerinde irtifak hakkı kurarak da 3. kişiye eşyadan yararlanma hakkı tanır.

scholarly journals POSITIVE EVALUATION OF ALIEN SPACE IN THE ENGLISH BIBLE TEX: LEXICO-SEMANTIC PECULIARITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (193) ◽  
pp. 273-277
Author(s):  
Iryna Chernyshova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
The Third ◽  
Negative State ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Positive Evaluation

The research sets out to investigate positive evaluation in the English ВіЬІе text. We focus on lexicо-semantic peculiarities of evaluative sentences with the deictic markers of the third person being used to manifest "alien" space. For this we consider the category of "one’s own" / "alien", which is closely related to deixis and evaluation, single out the main features of the phenomenon and determine the rate of third person’s positive evaluation in the text. As a result of the lexicо-semantic analysis we can assert that positive qualities of the "alien" world and manifestation of the speaker’s positive attitude to it are in the focus in the English Bible text. Other varieties of onomasiological features (negative state, status) are characterized by a low frequency of manifestation, which suggests the idea that the most important parameters that determine positive evaluation are positive actions and qualities corresponding to the universally accepted ethical norms. In a number of cases the personal pronoun he is used to indicate a certain referent (God), as a result, acquires positive evaluation. In this case he develops the expression of amplification and positive evaluation and means "the one". On the other hand, the personal pronoun they in most cases refers to strangers, people of other religions having negative evaluation. The positive evaluation of the third-person world can be verbalized metaphorically. Thus, the Lord God in the text is referred to such positive notions with the meaning of protection and salvation as "Salvation", "The Rock", "our help and our shield", "my defense", "the horn of my salvation", "my high tower", "a restorer of thy life", "a buckler". We see prospects for further study in the research of syntactic and communicative-pragmatic characteristics of "one's own"/ "alien" space as well as in the study of local and temporal markers of evaluation. Special consideration can also be given to analyzing this problem in texts of other functional styles, as well as shifting the focus of research to the field of cognitive linguistics.

On Gothic in the computer age

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-236
Author(s):  
Irmengard Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Family Resemblance ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
The Third ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun ◽  
The Family ◽  
Computer Linguistics ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
The Third Person

The Gothic language spoken some 1500 years ago in the area west and north of the Black Sea remains the darling of the older Germanic languages, as well as the preferred Germanic representative in Comparative Grammar. In the computer age researchers have readily accessible digitized Gothic texts, grammars, glossaries, bibliographies, as well as tagged corpora studies. In demonstrating the family resemblance of the inflectional morphology of the Gothic demonstrative pronoun, the strong adjective, and the third person pronoun, this paper makes use of the concept of inheritance networks, developed in computer linguistics, and of underspecification theory.

scholarly journals Classical and Romance Usages of Ipse in the Vulgate

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Johanne Hertzenberg
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Third Person

In Classical Latin ipse was an intensive pronoun used to add emphasis to a noun or pronoun. In many cases it may be translated into English by ‘self’. In the modern Romance languages, on the other hand, reflexes of ipse do not have this function. Rather, ipse has developed into a demonstrative pronoun/adjective, a definite article and a third person personal pronoun. Jerome’s Vulgate translation of the New Testament represents an intermediate stage between Classical Latin and modern Romance as far as ipse is concerned. Here, Classical Latin usages of ipse appear alongside new, Romance usages. The present paper is an investigation of how ipse is used in the Vulgate.

Effects of Light-Hearted and Serious Entertainment on Enjoyment of the First and Third Person

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Hofer
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Media Consumption ◽  
First Person ◽  
Online Experiment ◽  
Entertainment Media ◽  
Third Person Effect ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Perceived Enjoyment ◽  
The Third Person

Abstract. This was a study on the perceived enjoyment of different movie genres. In an online experiment, 176 students were randomly divided into two groups (n = 88) and asked to estimate how much they, their closest friends, and young people in general enjoyed either serious or light-hearted movies. These self–other differences in perceived enjoyment of serious or light-hearted movies were also assessed as a function of differing individual motivations underlying entertainment media consumption. The results showed a clear third-person effect for light-hearted movies and a first-person effect for serious movies. The third-person effect for light-hearted movies was moderated by level of hedonic motivation, as participants with high hedonic motivations did not perceive their own and others’ enjoyment of light-hearted films differently. However, eudaimonic motivations did not moderate first-person perceptions in the case of serious films.

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