scholarly journals Kato. Hulluna puolukoita.

Virittäjä ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauliina Siitonen ◽  
Mirka Rauniomaa ◽  
Tiina Keisanen

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan puhetoimintoja, joissa esiintyy jokin katsoa-verbin 2. persoonan imperatiivimuodoista, tyypillisesti kato. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytetään keskustelun­analyysia, ja aineistona toimivat videoidut tilanteet luontoilutoiminnasta, kuten marjastuksesta, sienestyksestä ja retkeilystä. Artikkelissa analysoidaan, miten meneillään oleva toiminta ja sen resursseina kieli, osallistujien kehot, tila, liike ja materiaalinen ympäristö vaikuttavat kato-vuorojen muotoiluun ja tulkintaan. Artikkelissa osoitetaan, että kato-vuoroilla on ainakin neljä eri tehtävää sosiaalisessa vuorovaikutuksessa. Valtaosa tutkimusaineiston kato-vuoroista toimii direktiiveinä tai liittyy direktiivisiin tilanteisiin, joissa puhuja ohjaa vastaanottajaa toimimaan tai olemaan toimimatta tietyllä tavalla. Direktiivisillä kato-vuoroilla puhuja ohjaa vastaan­ottajaa joko 1) katsomaan jotain objektia ympäristössä tai 2) tekemään jotain meneillään olevan toiminnan kannalta relevanttia. Tällaiset direktiiviset kato-vuorot eroavat toisistaan niin kielellisen kuin kehollisen muotoilun suhteen: ­kato-­vuoroissa, joilla ohjataan vastaanottajaa katsomaan, huomion kohde nimetään (kato muulahait­petä) ja siihen suuntaudutaan kehollisesti, mutta osallistujat jäävät hieman etäälle siitä. Sen sijaan sellaisissa kato-vuoroissa, joilla osallistujaa ohjataan tekemään jotain muuta kuin katsomaan, ei yleensä nimetä tekemisen kohdetta tai tekemistä ylipäätään vaan kohde merkitään kehollisesti ja tekemistä käsitellään yhteisesti jaettuna meneillään olevan aktiviteetin perusteella (katopas tuosa ohjaa poimimaan marjan). Tutkimus­aineistossa on myös sellaisia kato-vuoroja, joissa kato toimii 3) päivittelyn keinona tai 4) huomion kohdistavana, selittävänä lausumapartikkelina. Tutkimuksessa vuoro­vaikutusta tarkastellaan holistisesti, eli meneillään oleva toiminta ja osallistujien käyttämät multimodaaliset resurssit luovat puitteet sille, miten toimintoja on mahdollista tuottaa ja tulkita.   Kato. An insane amount of lingonberries. Kato as an interactional resource in nature-related activities The article examines actions that include one of the second-person imperative forms of the verb katsoa (‘to look’), typically kato (‘look, see’). Methodologically the study draws on conversation analysis, and the data include video recordings of activities in nature, such as berry picking, mushroom picking and trekking. The article analyses how participants design and interpret turns that include kato on the basis of ongoing activities and available resources, such as language, participants’ bodies, movement, space and the material environment. The article shows that turns including kato have at least four functions in social interaction. In the majority of the cases in the data, kato functions as a directive or is used in a directive context. These turns are used for directing the recipient either 1) to look at some object in the surrounds or 2) to do something relevant in terms of the ongoing activity. Apart from the use of kato, the turns differ in their design: In turns in which kato directs the recipient to look at something, the target is mentioned explicitly (e.g. kato muulahaitpetä ‘look an anthill’) and the participants remain at some distance from it. By contrast, in turns in which kato directs the recipient to do something, the target – or the intended action in general – is not mentioned, but the target is indicated by embodied means and the desired course of action is dealt with as shared by the participants on the basis of their ongoing activity (e.g. katopas tuosa ‘look right there’ is used to direct the recipient to pick a berry). The data also include turns in which kato functions 3) as a resource for general wondering or 4) as an explanatory connective and attention getter. The study approaches interaction holistically, having as its premise that the ongoing activity and the multimodal resources employed by the participants provide the framework for the formation and interpretation of social actions.

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauliina Siitonen ◽  
Mirka Rauniomaa ◽  
Tiina Keisanen

The article explores how social interaction is accomplished through intertwined verbal and bodily conduct, focusing on directive actions that include a second-person imperative form of the Finnish verb katsoa “to look,” typically kato. The study draws on video recordings of various outdoor activities in nature, mostly from family interaction with small children, and employs interactional linguistics and conversation analysis as its analytic framework. The directive kato actions in focus are produced (1) as noticings, to initiate a new course of action by directing the recipient to look at and possibly talk about a target that the speaker treats as newsworthy; (2) as showings, to initiate an evaluative course of action by directing the recipient to look at and align with the speaker’s stance toward the target; or (3) as prompts, to contribute to an ongoing course of action by directing the recipient to do something relevant to or with the target. Apart from the use of kato, the actions differ in their design. In noticings, the target is typically named verbally and pointed at through embodied means, but the participants remain at some distance from it (e.g., kato muurahaispesä tuossa “look an anthill there”). In showings, the participant producing the action typically approaches the recipient with the target in hand, so that the naming of the target is not necessary but, by evaluating the target themselves, the shower explicates how the target should be seen (e.g., kato kuinka jättejä “look how giant {ones}”). In prompts, neither the target nor the intended action is named, but the target is typically indicated by embodied means, for example, by the participants’ approaching and pointing at it, and the intended action is inferable from the participants’ prior conduct (e.g., kato tuossa “look there” and pointing at a berry in the participants’ vicinity when berry picking has been established as relevant). By examining these three grammar-body assemblages, the article uncovers regularities in the co-occurrence of multiple modalities and contributes to new understandings of language use in its natural ecology – in co-present social interaction.


2022 ◽  
pp. 147035722110526
Author(s):  
Sara Merlino ◽  
Lorenza Mondada ◽  
Ola Söderström

This article discusses how an aspect of urban environments – sound and noise – is experienced by people walking in the city; it particularly focuses on atypical populations such as people diagnosed with psychosis, who are reported to be particularly sensitive to noisy environments. Through an analysis of video-recordings of naturalistic activities in an urban context and of video-elicitations based on these recordings, the study details the way participants orient to sound and noise in naturalistic settings, and how sound and noise are reported and reexperienced during interviews. By bringing together urban context, psychosis and social interaction, this study shows that, thanks to video recordings and conversation analysis, it is possible to analyse in detail the multimodal organization of action (talk, gesture, gaze, walking bodies) and of the sensory experience(s) of aural factors, as well as the way this organization is affected by the ecology of the situation.


2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 743-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenza Mondada

Taste is a central sense for humans and animals, and it has been largely studied either from physiological and neurological approaches or from socio-cultural ones. This paper adopts another view, focused on the activity of tasting rather than on the sense of taste, approached within the perspective of ethnomethodology and multimodal conversation analysis. This view addresses the activity of tasting as it is interactionally organized in specific social settings, observed in a naturalistic way, on the basis of video recordings. Focusing on video recorded improvised tastings of cheese in gourmet shop encounters, the paper offers a systematic analysis of the way in which tasting is orderly achieved in an intersubjective way. It follows the various steps characterizing tasting, from the invitation to taste, to the grasping of a bit to taste, which is put in the mouth, chewed, and swallowed; it details how an interactional moment offering the taster a priviledged, individual, focused space in which to devote exclusive attention to the object tasted is actively tailored by all parties. By contrast, the completion of tasting is marked by a return to mutual gaze, the animation of facial expressions and nods, and the final production of a judgment of taste. By offering a systematic reconstruction of how these tasting moments are organized, the paper invites to a multimodal approach of sensoriality in social interaction.


2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-87
Author(s):  
Sylvaine Tuncer ◽  
Pentti Haddington

ABSTRACTThis article builds on ethnomethodological, conversation analytic research on object transfers: how participants hand over objects to one another. By analyzing video recordings of mundane (cars) and institutional interactions (laboratories), we focus on situations where an object is central to and talked about in the joint course of action. We focus on different organizations of object transfer and show that one embodied move is decisive, either a sequentially implicative ‘give’ or an arm extension designed as a stand-alone ‘take’. We examine the interrelationship between the organization of the object transfer and the broader course of action (e.g. request or offer sequence), which is either overlapping or intersecting. We demonstrate that by making the decisive move, either the participant initially holding the object or her recipient critically influences the progression and trajectory of the activity, and displays agency. (Ethnomethodology, Conversation Analysis, multimodal interactions, objects in interaction, object transfers, agency)*


2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdana Humă ◽  
Elizabeth Stokoe ◽  
Rein Ove Sikveland

Social psychology has theorized the cognitive processes underlying persuasion, without considering its interactional infrastructure—the discursive actions through which persuasion is accomplished interactionally. Our article aims to fill this gap, by using discursive psychology and conversation analysis to examine 153 “cold” calls, in which salespeople seek to secure meetings with prospective clients. We identify two sets of communicative practices that comprise persuasive conduct: (1) pre-expanding the meeting request with accounts that secure the prospect’s alignment to this course of action without disclosing its end result and (2) minimizing the imposition of the meeting to reduce the prospect’s opportunities for refusal. We conclude that persuasive conduct consists in managing the recipiency of the meeting requests by promoting alignment and hampering resistance. Overall, this article contributes to the wider discursive psychological project of “respecifying” psychological phenomena such as attitudes, memory, and emotion from the realm of social cognition to the realm of social interaction.


2020 ◽  
pp. 019027252094459
Author(s):  
Giovanni Rossi ◽  
Tanya Stivers

This article is concerned with how social categories (e.g., wife, mother, sister, tenant, guest) become visible through the actions that individuals perform in social interaction. Using audio and video recordings of social interaction as data and conversation analysis as a method, we examine how individuals display their rights or constraints to perform certain actions by virtue of occupying a certain social category. We refer to actions whose performance is sensitive to membership in a certain social category as category-sensitive actions. Most of the time, the social boundaries surrounding these actions remain invisible because participants in interaction typically act in ways that are consistent with their social status and roles. In this study, however, we specifically examine instances where category boundaries become visible as participants approach, expose, or transgress them. Our focus is on actions with relatively stringent category sensitivity such as requests, offers, invitations, or handling one’s possessions. Ultimately, we believe these are the tip of an iceberg that potentially includes most, if not all, actions.


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnulf Deppermann

Abstract This paper argues that conversation analysis has largely neglected the fact that meaning in interaction relies on inferences to a high degree. Participants treat each other as cognitive agents, who imply and infer meanings, which are often consequential for interactional progression. Based on the study of audio- and video-recordings from German talk-in-interaction, the paper argues that inferences matter to social interaction in at least three ways. They can be explicitly formulated; they can be (conventionally) indexed, but not formulated; or they may be neither indexed nor formulated yet would be needed for the correct understanding of a turn. The last variety of inferences usually remain tacit, but are needed for smooth interactional progression. Inferences in this case become an observable discursive phenomenon if misunderstandings are treated by the explication of correct (accepted) and wrong (unaccepted) inferences. The understanding of referential terms, analepsis, and ellipsis regularly rely on inferences. Formulations, third-position repairs, and fourth-position explications of erroneous inferences are practices of explicating inferences. There are conventional linguistic means like discourse markers, connectives, and response particles that index specific kinds of inferences. These practices belong to a larger class of inferential practices, which play an important role for indexing and accomplishing intersubjectivity in talk in interaction.


2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 635-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aug Nishizaka

In the analysis of video recordings of the interactions between a doctor and the examinees following internal radiation exposure tests at a hospital in Fukushima Prefecture, I explore how the participants address one of the most serious consequences of the Fukushima disaster, that is, their concerns about radioactive materials. To do so, this study employs conversation analysis. The doctor’s presentation of the test results provides the examinees with a place to express relief and also makes relevant the justification work related to the expression of relief. In conclusion, I consider how the internal exposure tests also function as a communication tool in the context in which residents from affected areas face potential difficulties in expressing their worry about radiation.


1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria M. Egbert

ABSTRACTJust as turn-taking has been found to be both context-free and context-sensitive (Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson 1974), the organization of repair is also shown here to be both context-free and context-sensitive. In a comparison of American and German conversation, repair can be shown to be context-free in that, basically, the same mechanism can be found across these two languages. However, repair is also sensitive to the linguistic inventory of a given language; in German, morphological marking, syntactic constraints, and grammatical congruity across turns are used as interactional resources. In addition, repair is sensitive to certain characteristics of social situations. The selection of a particular repair initiator, Germanbitte?‘pardon?’, indexes that there is no mutual gaze between interlocutors; i.e., there is no common course of action. The selection ofbitte?not only initiates repair; it also spurs establishment of mutual gaze, and thus displays that there is attention to a common focus. (Conversation analysis, context, cross-linguistic analysis, repair, gaze, telephone conversation, co-present interaction, grammar and interaction)


Human Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Svensson ◽  
Burak S. Tekin

AbstractThis study examines the situated use of rules and the social practices people deploy to correct projectable rule violations in pétanque playing activities. Drawing on Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis, and using naturally occurring video recordings, this article investigates socially organized occasions of rule use, and more particularly how rules for turn-taking at play are reflexively established in and through interaction. The alternation of players in pétanque is dependent on and consequential for the progressivity of the game and it is a practical problem for the players when a participant projects to break a rule of “who plays next”. The empirical analysis shows that formulating rules is a practice for indicating and correcting incipient violations of who plays next, which retrospectively invoke and establish the situated expectations that constitute the game as that particular game. Focusing on the anticipative corrections of projectable violations of turn-taking rules, this study revisits the concept of rules, as they are played into being, from a social and interactional perspective. We argue and demonstrate that rules are not prescriptions of game conduct, but resources that reflexively render the players’ conducts intelligible as playing the game they are engaging in.


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