scholarly journals Spatial trends of fertility rates in Finland between 1980 and 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Lassi Lainiala ◽  
Venla Berg
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Spatial Trends ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Recent research has shown that in many Western countries fertility rates are highest in suburban areas and lower in urban and rural areas. Here, we illustrate the changing patterns of spatial fertility in Finland between 1980 and 2014. Fertility in Finland started conforming the high suburban pattern during the 1990’s. This interestingly predates the first large scale urban sprawl (i.e., positive net migration in suburban areas) in the first decade of the 21st century in Finland.

scholarly journals Delineation of the Urban-Rural Boundary through Data Fusion: Applications to Improve Urban and Rural Environments and Promote Intensive and Healthy Urban Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7180
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Xiaodie Yuan ◽  
Xueping Tan ◽  
Xue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transform ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Data Fusion ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Kappa Value ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

As one of the most important methods for limiting urban sprawl, the accurate delineation of the urban–rural boundary not only promotes the intensive use of urban resources, but also helps to alleviate the urban issues caused by urban sprawl, realizing the intensive and healthy development of urban cities. Previous studies on delineating urban–rural boundaries were only based on the level of urban and rural development reflected by night-time light (NTL) data, ignoring the differences in the spatial development between urban and rural areas; so, the comprehensive consideration of NTL and point of interest (POI) data can help improve the accuracy of urban–rural boundary delineation. In this study, the NTL and POI data were fused using wavelet transform, and then the urban–rural boundary before and after data fusion was delineated by multiresolution segmentation. Finally, the delineation results were verified. The verification result shows that the accuracy of delineating the urban–rural boundary using only NTL data is 84.20%, and the Kappa value is 0.6549; the accuracy using the fusion of NTL and POI data on the basis of wavelet transform is 93.2%, and the Kappa value is 0.8132. Therefore, we concluded that the proposed method of using wavelet transform to fuse NTL and POI data considers the differences between urban and rural development, which significantly improves the accuracy of the delineation of urban–rural boundaries. Accurate delineation of urban–rural boundaries is helpful for optimizing internal spatial structure in both urban and rural areas, alleviating environmental problems resulting from urban development, assisting the formulation of development policies for urban and rural fringes, and promoting the intensive and healthy development of urban areas.

scholarly journals Is global dimming and brightening in Japan limited to urban areas?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumasa Tanaka ◽  
Atsumu Ohmura ◽  
Doris Folini ◽  
Martin Wild ◽  
Nozomu Ohkawara
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Decadal Time Scale ◽  
Global Dimming ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract. Observations worldwide indicate secular trends of all-sky surface solar radiation on decadal time scale, termed global dimming and brightening. Accordingly, the observed surface radiation in Japan generally shows a strong decline till the end of the 1980s and then a recovery toward around 2000. Because a substantial number of measurement stations are located within or proximate to populated areas, one may speculate that the observed trends are strongly influenced by local air pollution and are thus not of large-scale significance. This hypothesis poses a serious question as to what regional extent the global dimming and brightening are significant: Are the global dimming and brightening truly global phenomena, or regional or even only local? Our study focused on 14 meteorological observatories that measured all-sky surface solar radiation, zenith transmittance, and maximum transmittance. On the basis of municipality population time series, historical land use maps, recent satellite images, and actual site visits, we concluded that eight stations had been significantly influenced by urbanization, with the remaining six stations being left pristine. Between the urban and rural areas, no marked differences were identified in the temporal trends of the aforementioned meteorological parameters. Our finding suggests that global dimming and brightening in Japan occurred on a large scale, independently of urbanization.

scholarly journals They’re Dying in the Suburbs: COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Geography in Louisiana (USA)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Schnake-Mahl ◽  
Usama Bilal
Keyword(s):  
New Orleans ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Us ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Second Peak

AbstractThe national COVID-19 conversation in the US has mostly focused on urban areas, without sufficient examination of another geography with large vulnerable populations: the suburbs. While suburbs are often thought of as areas of uniform affluence and racial homogeneity, over the past 20 years, poverty and diversity have increased substantially in the suburbs. In this study, we compare geographic and temporal trends in COVID-19 cases and deaths in Louisiana, one of the few states with high rates of COVID-19 during both the spring and summer. We find that incidence and mortality rates were initially highest in New Orleans. By the second peak, trends reversed: suburban areas experienced higher rates than New Orleans and similar rates to other urban and rural areas. We also find that increased social vulnerability was associated with increased positivity and incidence during the first peak. During the second peak, these associations reversed in New Orleans while persisting in other urban, suburban, and rural areas. The work draws attention to the high rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths in suburban areas and the importance of metropolitan-wide actions to address COVID-19.RegistrationN/AFunding sourceNIH (DP5OD26429) and RWJF (77644)Code and data availabilityCode for replication along with data is available here: https://github.com/alinasmahl1/COVID_Louisiana_Suburban/.

scholarly journals Enhancement of large-scale flood risk assessments using building-material-based vulnerability curves for an object-based approach in urban and rural areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1703-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Englhardt ◽  
Hans de Moel ◽  
Charles K. Huyck ◽  
Marleen C. de Ruiter ◽  
Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Coarse Information ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract. In this study, we developed an enhanced approach for large-scale flood damage and risk assessments that uses characteristics of buildings and the built environment as object-based information to represent exposure and vulnerability to flooding. Most current large-scale assessments use an aggregated land-use category to represent the exposure, treating all exposed elements the same. For large areas where previously only coarse information existed such as in Africa, more detailed exposure data are becoming available. For our approach, a direct relation between the construction type and building material of the exposed elements is used to develop vulnerability curves. We further present a method to differentiate flood risk in urban and rural areas based on characteristics of the built environment. We applied the model to Ethiopia and found that rural flood risk accounts for about 22 % of simulated damage; rural damage is generally neglected in the typical land-use-based damage models, particularly at this scale. Our approach is particularly interesting for studies in areas where there is a large variation in construction types in the building stock, such as developing countries.

Where Do People Live Longer in Russia in the 21st century? Life Expectancy across Urban and Rural areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey Shchur ◽  
Vladimir M. Shkolnikov ◽  
Sergey Timonin ◽  
Evgeny Andreev ◽  
David A. Leon
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

China’s Low-Carbon Urbanization Progress and Pathway

2015 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 1550028
Author(s):  
Benfan LIANG ◽  
Jiahua PAN ◽  
Ying ZHANG ◽  
Yanchun MENG ◽  
Shouxian ZHU
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
Urbanization Rate ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Low-carbon urbanization is the integration of urbanization and low carbonization. It is the low-carbon transformation of current urban areas, the new trend of developing model of urban and rural areas, which includes the low-carbon transition in production, living style, and ecological spaces, the low-carbon reform in economy, society, structure, and the developing model, as well as changing urban areas from high-carbon style to low-carbon style. The urbanization rate of China is almost the same with global average level, and is expected to reach 80% in 2050. Currently, urbanization replaces industrialization, becoming an important force influencing socio-economic development, climate and ecological environment changes, international relations, and political patterns. With a 2[Formula: see text]C rise in temperature, human beings have to face a series of risks brought by climate change. China’s large-scale urbanization is of great influence on others. In this context, it is necessary to take a scientific cognition of China’s urbanization process, clarifying urbanization developing pathway, turning carbon constraints into carbon bonus, avoiding high-carbon lock, and then to take opportunities in promoting economic structure under “new normal” conditions, accelerating the upgrade from urban civilization to ecological civilization, and to reach both 100-year goal and low-carbon developing goal, leading sustainable development globally.

scholarly journals Application of a bottom-up approach to reduce healthcare disparity between the urban and rural areas

2021 ◽  
pp. e568
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Malicka ◽  
Namrita George
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Appropriate Care ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Culturally Appropriate Care ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Lower Income Countries

Disparity in access to healthcare between the rural and urban regions occurs world-wide, both in higher and lower income countries. In order to offset poor health outcomes, a number of approaches to structuring healthcare services can be used. Several factors have been identified to play a role; nevertheless, they contribute to the healthcare gap to various - depending on whether a higher or lower income country undergoes evaluation. Traditionally, healthcare systems worldwide adopt a top-down approach, which is initiated by large institutions providing resources required for large scale projects along with the centralisation of efforts. Therefore, although it does lead to change, the results can be short-lived. The authors discuss the bottom-up approach used in ASHWINI organisation in Gudalur, India which allowed for the development of accessible and sustainable healthcare system managed by the community. Other projects, based in part on the principles of a bottom-up approach, have been applied in other countries to reduce healthcare disparities. A bottom-up approach, designed to deliver geographically-accessible, locally managed, culturally appropriate care, can provide sustainable results, and since it is universal in nature, it can be applied in other setting with similar structures.

scholarly journals Urban and rural areas as defined by population density in Japan

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 (415-417) ◽  
pp. 331-332
Author(s):  
Haruhiko Goto
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
City Planning ◽  
World Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The City

Dr Goto, an architect and town planner with an MSc in Architecture and a Ph. D in City Planning from Waseda University, Japan, formerly Vice-Dean of the Graduate School, is now Professor of Urban Design at the same university. He is also a Principal of Kankyo to Zokei Inc., Architecture and Urban Design, Tokyo, and a member of the World Society for Ekistics (WSE). The text that follows is a slightly edited and revised version of a paper presented at the WSE Symposion "Defining Success of the City in the 21st Century," Berlin, 24-28 October, 2001.

Utilization of Modern Large Scale HAWT Blade Design Techniques for the Development of Small HAWT Blades

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pechlivanoglou ◽  
G. Weinzierl ◽  
I. T. Masmanidis ◽  
C. N. Nayeri ◽  
T. P. Philippidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Rotor Blades ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The University ◽  
Large Wind ◽  
Small Capacity

Lately the need for modern medium capacity wind turbines for self-consumption within urban and rural areas has risen again. The great majority however of the large wind turbine manufacturers are not interested in this small profit market. SMART BLADE GmbH in cooperation with the CORE Team of the University of Patras have decided to develop modern, sophisticated rotor blades with state of the art tools from the multi-MW wind turbine industry in order to boost the development of the upcoming modern small capacity wind turbines. The current paper presents the design of a modern 4m wind turbine blade with optimal aerodynamic design aimed at a variable speed hybrid stall operation.

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