Where Do People Live Longer in Russia in the 21st century? Life Expectancy across Urban and Rural areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey Shchur ◽  
Vladimir M. Shkolnikov ◽  
Sergey Timonin ◽  
Evgeny Andreev ◽  
David A. Leon
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

scholarly journals Urban and rural areas as defined by population density in Japan

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 (415-417) ◽  
pp. 331-332
Author(s):  
Haruhiko Goto
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
City Planning ◽  
World Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The City

Dr Goto, an architect and town planner with an MSc in Architecture and a Ph. D in City Planning from Waseda University, Japan, formerly Vice-Dean of the Graduate School, is now Professor of Urban Design at the same university. He is also a Principal of Kankyo to Zokei Inc., Architecture and Urban Design, Tokyo, and a member of the World Society for Ekistics (WSE). The text that follows is a slightly edited and revised version of a paper presented at the WSE Symposion "Defining Success of the City in the 21st Century," Berlin, 24-28 October, 2001.

scholarly journals Spatial trends of fertility rates in Finland between 1980 and 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Lassi Lainiala ◽  
Venla Berg
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Spatial Trends ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Recent research has shown that in many Western countries fertility rates are highest in suburban areas and lower in urban and rural areas. Here, we illustrate the changing patterns of spatial fertility in Finland between 1980 and 2014. Fertility in Finland started conforming the high suburban pattern during the 1990’s. This interestingly predates the first large scale urban sprawl (i.e., positive net migration in suburban areas) in the first decade of the 21st century in Finland.

scholarly journals Dementia-Free Life Expectancy among People over 60 Years Old by Sex, Urban and Rural Areas in Jiangxi Province, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhang Wu ◽  
Huilie Zheng ◽  
Zhitao Liu ◽  
Shengwei Wang ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Urban Men ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Objective: To estimate and compare the dementia-free life expectancy (DemFLE) and age trends of the population over 60 in 2018 in Jiangxi Province, China, by sex and urban–rural areas. Methods: Based on the Summary of Health Statistics of Jiangxi Province in 2018 and the Sixth National Health Service survey of Jiangxi Province, the model life table is used to estimate the age-specific mortality rate by sex and urban–rural areas. DemFLE and its ratio to life expectancy (LE) were calculated using the Sullivan method. Results: In 2018, the DemFLE at age 60 was 18.48 years for men and 21.31 years for women, accounting for 96.62% and 96.67% of their LE. LE and DemFLE were higher for those in urban areas than in rural areas, except for men aged 90 and above; higher in women than in men, except for people in rural areas aged 90 and above. In urban areas, DemFLE/LE was higher for women than for men; the opposite was observed in rural areas. Urban women had a higher DemFLE/LE than rural women did, urban men had a lower DemFLE/LE than rural men did. Conclusions: With increased LE, DemFLE also increases, but with older age and over time, DemFLE/LE gradually decreases. The effect of dementia on elderly adults becomes more serious. It is necessary for the government to implement a series of prevention strategies to improve the quality of life and health awareness of the elderly. Elderly urban men and elderly rural women need more attention and health care.

scholarly journals Practical remarks on hydrophobia (Rabies): publication of Enegolm, Medical Doctor, State Counselor and Chevalier of Russian Empire (1811)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Volchkova
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Medical Doctor ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Day By Day

Rabies, an outdated name for hydrophobia, has been known since ancient times, and even then its occurrence was associated with the bites of dogs and wolves. The only way to prevent the development of this disease was considered to be cauterization of the wound to destroy the poison contained in the saliva of an animal stricken with rabies. The article of the doctor, the actual state councilor Enegolm "Practical remarks on hydrophobia" published in No. 1 of the General Journal of Medical Science for 1811, really contains a detailed description of all the approaches to the treatment of hydrophobia that existed then, although, as the author notes, without any benefit. Nevertheless, even today, in the 21st century, the article is of great interest to doctors, since in the most detailed way, very emotionally, with empathy for the patient, he describes day by day the development of the clinical picture of the disease, forgotten by many modern doctors. The article contains recommendations for preventing the spread of rabies both in urban and rural areas, which does not lose its relevance today, given the problems associated with the widespread growth of the population of stray animals, in particular dogs and cats.

scholarly journals Environmental Challenges and Developmental Requirements in Mountains During 21st Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Narayan Purohit
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Environmental Challenges ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Environmentally Sound

Mountains are unique resource-rich ecosystems characterized by diverse environments owing to their topography, climatic variability and harboring a rich biodiversity. However, the global pace of development has not left these regions untouched posing serious environmental challenges endangering their resourcefulness. In spite of the 'environment friendly' or ‘environmentally sound' concept of development, generally the development is perceived as antagonistic to the health of the environment that of course can be visualized in many cases. Lack of location specific appropriate technology as tool for development in tune with the environmental concerns compounds the problem. There are differences in the perceptions and reality with respect to mountains. The mountain people consider disparity in the pace of development between hills and plains, urban and rural areas within the mountains and more developed and less developed hill villages leading to feel of alienation. A holistic approach of environmentally sound development is difficult to achieve due to differences in the perceptions of different stakeholders with respect to their motives at individual and society level. True change is possible only when it begins in persons who advocate the change. Thus a complete shift in the behaviour, attitude, perception and practices with the element of philosophy is needed to set tone for the environment-development synergy.

Three hundred years of House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) persecution in Germany

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SEITZ
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
House Sparrow ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
World War ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Second World

Modernization of agriculture, economic development and population increase after the end of the Thirty Years' War caused authorities in many parts of Germany to decree the eradication of so-called pest animals, including the House Sparrow. Farmers were given targets, and had to deliver the heads of sparrows in proportion to the size of their farms or pay fines. At the end of the eighteenth century German ornithologists argued against the eradication of the sparrows. During the mid-nineteenth century, C. L. Gloger, the pioneer of bird protection in Germany, emphasized the value of the House Sparrow in controlling insect plagues. Many decrees were abolished because either they had not been obeyed, or had resulted in people protecting sparrows so that they always had enough for their “deliveries”. Surprisingly, various ornithologists, including Ernst Hartert and the most famous German bird conservationist Freiherr Berlepsch, joined in the war against sparrows at the beginning of the twentieth century, because sparrows were regarded as competitors of more useful bird species. After the Second World War, sparrows were poisoned in large numbers. Persecution of sparrows ended in Germany in the 1970s. The long period of persecution had a significant but not long-lasting impact on House Sparrow populations, and therefore cannot be regarded as a factor in the recent decline of this species in urban and rural areas of western and central Europe.

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