scholarly journals Consensual unions and fertility

1993 ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
Jarl Lindgren ◽  
Marketta Ritamies ◽  
Anneli Miettinen
Keyword(s):  
Premarital Cohabitation ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
First Union ◽  
First Child ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Consensual Unions

This article examines how consensual unions affect the childbearing of couples who live in a marriage which has been preceded by premarital cohabitation. The study is focused on women under the age of 30 when they started their first union. It is based on three five-year cohorts who started living together in 1970-1984. The material used is from a survey carried out in 1989. The study deals with the pattern and frequency of giving birth to the first child by comparing the childbearing of the directly married with those whose marriage was preceded by cohabitation. By comparing the total number of children borne by women who have lived in an extra-marital cohabitation with different national means, the effect of pre-marital cohabitation on fertility is estimated. The study has shown that the total number of children in families is related to the length o  premarital cohabitation. The couples who have lived longer without marriage tend to have less children than the directly married.

scholarly journals Social Science Genetics and Fertility

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix C Tropf
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Environment Change ◽  
Fertility Choice ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Human Fertility ◽  
First Child ◽  
Molecular Genetic Data ◽  
The Social

To what extent do genes influence the age at which you have your first child and the total number of children that you have? Does the (social) environment change genetic effects on fertility? Do genes lead to spurious associations between life outcomes such as education and age at first birth? The social sciences have been reticent to integrate a genetic approach to the study of fertility choice and behaviour, resulting in theories and findings that are largely socially deterministic. This dissertation investigates genetic and environmental influences on human fertility—aswell as their interplay—using both twin data as well as molecular genetic data of more than 31,000 genotyped individuals from 6 countries.

scholarly journals Formation of a system of real support measures large families

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-357
Author(s):  
Nina Voskolovich ◽  
Ibragimkhalil Askhabaliyev
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
State Support ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Financial Conditions ◽  
Income Family ◽  
First Child ◽  
The Social ◽  
Large Families

The article summarizes the results of the analysis of the use of instruments of state support for large families in Russia, taking into account the social and demographic situation. The purpose of the study is to analyze is to substantiate proposals for direct real support of large families to overcome the trend of depopulation in Russia. The categories «large family», «low-income family» and «low-income family» have been clarified to determine the most effective measures to support large families. Measures of state support for large families have been differentiated according to the characteristics of their direct or indirect, potential or actual receipt by such families, which allows us to assess their effectiveness in stimulating an increase in the birth rate. The analysis of the contribution of large families to the increase in natural population growth is given, the influence of such factors as a reduction in the reproductive contingent, in particular, due to a decrease in the number of women of fertile age, an increase in the average age of mothers giving birth to their first child and subsequent children, a decrease in the mother's living standards in large families is shown. A study of the state support for large families operating in Russian regions was carried out, which made it possible to reveal the prevalence of indirect potential tools over direct real ones that do not have a significant effect on improving the conditions and living standards of families with three or more children. As a result of the analytical study, a potential opportunity was revealed to solve the problems of depopulation by creating material and financial conditions for increasing the number of large families. The progressive foreign experience on the use of direct real measures to support large families, depending on the number of children being brought up, is generalized. Recommendations for improving the effectiveness of measures to support large families by providing real (direct) state support have been substantiated

scholarly journals Fertility in Real Generations of Russian Women: Trends and Regional Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
V. N. Arkhangelskiy
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
First Child ◽  
Generational Changes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Families With Children

The subject of the research is fertility trends in real generations of women in Russia. The relevance of the research stems from the fact that the majority of works devoted to the analysis of the fertility trends and the possible impact of demographic policies thereon in Russia are based on the use of calendar birth rates (total, special, age, total coefficient, etc.) subject to timing fluctuations, e.g. earlier childbirth due to favorable circumstances. The influence of this factor can be bypassed by using birth rates for real generations. The purpose of the paper was to analyze the dynamics of generational changes in birth rates and their regional differences. The results of the analysis showed that after a significant reduction in the average number of children born in the generations of women of the 1960s — early 1970s, the value slightly increased for women of the mid- and late 1970s. and would probably be somewhat higher for women born in the 1980s. The proportion of women who gave birth to at least one child is decreasing hampering the increase in the average number of children born in real generations. On the contrary, an increase in the proportion of women who gave birth to the second and third child contributes to this increase. While the share of those who gave birth to the second child among women who gave birth to the first child in the generations of the late 1970s, despite a significant increase, is lower than among women of the mid‑1950s, the proportion of those who gave birth to the third child among women who gave birth to the second child, is higher than in older generations. The increase in the proportion of women in the generations of the late 1970s who gave birth to the second and third children is to some extent due to more active measures for supporting families with children that are largely focused on supporting second and subsequent births of children. If the implementation of measures for supporting families with children in the 1980s helped to smooth out the difference in the average age of the mother who gave birth to the second and first child from 4.53 years in the generation of women born in 1950 up to 3.31 years in the generation of 1963, then in younger women the difference tended to increase and now it is the maximum for women of 1975. (5.91 years). It is concluded that the policy of encouraging child bearing needs to be continued.

scholarly journals Identify determinant of contraceptive use in rural set up of Surat district, Gujarat

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 2956
Author(s):  
Rajendra Solanki ◽  
Hiteshri C. Patel ◽  
J. K. Kosambiya
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
First Child ◽  
Education Of Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Set Up

Background: In spite of significant growth and expansion of family planning programme, pregnancy continues to be unplanned. This study has been conducted to identify determinant responsible for use of contraception. The aim of the study was to determine the factors affecting the use of the contraceptives. The objectives were to study Socio – demographic, fertility profile of eligible couples and its relation to use of contraceptionMethods: This is a cross sectional study conducted during period of 20th September 2014 to 15th January 2015. Three PHCs were selected purposively from Olpad taluka of the Surat District. Two Sub Centers were selected randomly from each PHC. Data regarding eligible couples were collected from Sub Center register. From each Sub Center, 47 eligible women were selected randomly. Total sample size was 280 (CPR: 60%, DLHS-3).Results: Mean age of study participants were 29.14±6.7 years. Out of total women, 18.6% women were married before attaining the age of 18 years. More than 50% women were 20-24 years of age group at the time of birth of first child where as 25.4% women gave birth to first child before the age of 20 years. There was significant association between use of Contraceptive methods with factors like age of women, caste, religion, education of women, education of husband and number of children (p<0.05). At the time of sterilization, number of children and gender of last child plaed a significant role.Conclusions: Women should be empowered with education regarding use of contraception. Child marriage act should be strictly followed.

Religion and fertility patterns: comparison of life history traits in Catholics and Protestants, Hallstatt (Austria) 1733–1908

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Alina Gavrus-Ion ◽  
Torstein Sjøvold ◽  
Miguel Hernández ◽  
Rolando González-José ◽  
Neus Martínez-Abadías ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
First Child ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sanitary Conditions ◽  
Age At Birth

Abstract Catholicism and Protestantism have different ways of promoting the family unit that could influence survival and fertility at a population level. Parish records in the Austrian village of Hallstatt allowed the reconstruction of Catholic and Protestant genealogies over a period of 175 years (1733–1908) to evaluate how religion and social changes affected reproduction and survival. Life history traits such as lifespan beyond 15 years, number of offspring, reproductive span, children born out of wedlock and child mortality were estimated in 5678 Catholic and 3282 Protestant individuals. The interaction of sex, time and religion was checked through non-parametric factorial ANOVAs. Religion and time showed statistically significant interactions with lifespan >15 years, number of offspring and age at birth of first child. Protestants lived longer, had a larger reproductive span and an earlier age at birth of first child. Before the famine crisis of 1845–1850, Protestants showed lower values of childhood mortality than Catholics. Comparison of the number of children born out of wedlock revealed small differences between the two religions. Religion influenced reproduction and survival, as significant differences were found between Catholics and Protestants. This influence could be explained in part by differential socioeconomic characteristics, since Protestants may have enjoyed better living and sanitary conditions in Hallstatt.

scholarly journals Reproductive behavior of Russian women as depending on their level of education

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 546-559
Author(s):  
V. N Archangelsky ◽  
S. G Shulgin ◽  
Yu. V Zinkina
Keyword(s):  
Postgraduate Education ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
First Child ◽  
Education Status ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

There are many studies focusing on various effects of womens education, in particular, on decline in fertility in those societies that are at the second stage of the demographic transition. However, in societies that have completed this transition, the relationship between these phenomena is changing, which requires a special study. We need to understand how womens education affects fertility in Russia to assess the efficiency of social and demographic policies. The study aims at analyzing differences in fertility rates and womens reproductive attitudes as depending on the level of education. The study is based on the data of the sample surveys of reproductive plans (2017 and 2012) and of the 2010 All-Russian Census. In general, the results confirm the global trend: on average, women with a high education status have fewer children than women with a lower level of education; on average, the former are older when they have the first child and tend to have larger intergenetic intervals. The analysis of reproductive attitudes and intentions shows that women with higher and postgraduate education have a larger gap between the average desired and the expected number of children. Among the factors hindering the birth of the desired number of children, women of almost all levels of education name material and housing difficulties and uncertainty about the future; however, women with higher and postgraduate education mention these reasons less often - for them, it is more important to combine motherhood and work and to have high-quality services in various spheres.

REPRODUCTIVE AND MIGRATION ATTITUDES OF CONTEMPORARY YOUTH OF THE EAEU STATES (RUSSIA, KAZAKHSTAN, KYRGYZSTAN: A CASE STUDY)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-139
Author(s):  
Evgenia SIGAREVA ◽  
Svetlana SIVOPLYASOVA
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Migratory Behavior ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Professional Skills ◽  
Marriage Age ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
First Child ◽  
Ideal Number ◽  
And Migration

The article is devoted to the current aspects of demographic development in the EAEU member states in the context of studying the specifics of the reproductive and migratory behavior of young people in Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The modern generation of young people in post-Soviet countries over the past three decades has been influenced by various factors that have radically transformed their views on family, childbirth and migration. Their attitudes towards reproductive and migratory behavior will dominate the future demographic trends not only in each of the studied countries, but also in the Eurasian space as a whole. Therefore, a detailed study of the attitudes of the young and educated generation is the most important task of demographic and sociological sciences. Based on the results of a sociological survey conducted using a unified methodology, the article examines the features of reproductive and migratory behavior in countries at different stages of the “demographic transition.” It reveals the peculiarities of the respondents’ attitude from the three states to official marriage, age preferences for starting a family and giving birth to their first child. Reproductive judgments regarding anticipated and ideal number of children are identified. The use of the ranking method allowed to detect ​​the normative childbearing models in the three countries and the differences between them. The conclusion states that in all the states in question, the prevailing socio-economic conditions are an obstacle to the implementation of the existing ideal reproductive attitudes. The gender peculiarities of the views of young people in the three countries on extramarital unions, reproductive patterns and “planned childlessness” were noted. The article demonstrates that, with regard to the results of the study, in the next 25 to 30 years families in Russia will likely have a small number of children, in Kazakhstan—an average number, and reproductive behavior in Kyrgyzstan will likely retain its tendency towards having many children. The article also contains conclusions about specific migration attitudes based on the replies to questions about the preferred place to apply professional skills, create a family and have children. The dependence of migration attitudes on gender and country of residence has been revealed. Based on empirical data, the groups of respondents characterized by pragmatic, patriotic and antipatriotic migratory behavior have been identified. It was determined that young people who live in Kyrgyzstan are more focused on moving to a new place of residence, while all respondents are quite cosmopolitan in regard to the place of application of their professional skills, and students are most patriotic about the place to start a family.

scholarly journals Impaired Fertility Associated with Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Autoimmunity: The Danish General Suburban Population Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Dorthe Feldthusen ◽  
Palle L. Pedersen ◽  
Jacob Larsen ◽  
Tina Toft Kristensen ◽  
Christina Ellervik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Study ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Spontaneous Abortions ◽  
Full Cohort ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
First Child

Introduction.The aim of this study was to estimate the significance of TSH, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and mild (subclinical) hypothyroidism in women from The Danish General Suburban Population Study (GESUS) on the number of children born, the number of pregnancies, and the number of spontaneous abortions.Methods.Retrospective cross sectional study of 11254 women participating in GESUS. Data included biochemical measurements and a self-administrated questionnaire.Results.6.7% had mild (subclinical) hypothyroidism and 9.4% prevalent hypothyroidism. In women with mild hypothyroidism TPOAb was significantly elevated and age at first child was older compared to controls. TSH and TPOAb were negatively linearly associated with the number of children born and the number of pregnancies in the full cohort in age-adjusted and multiadjusted models. TSH or TPOAb was not associated with spontaneous abortions. Mild (subclinical) hypothyroidism was associated with a risk of not having children and a risk of not getting pregnant in age-adjusted and multiadjusted models. Prevalent hypothyroidism was not associated with the number of children born, the number of pregnancies, or spontaneous abortions.Conclusion.Impaired fertility is associated with TSH, TPOAb, and mild (subclinical) hypothyroidism in a Danish population of women.

scholarly journals De Onzichtbare Scheidingsgolf : Een analyse van relatieontbinding van samenwonenden en gehuwden in België

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Layla Van den Berg ◽  
Dimitri Mortelmans
Keyword(s):  
Married Couples ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Premarital Cohabitation ◽  
Cohabiting Couples ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Unmarried Cohabitation ◽  
Break Up ◽  
First Time ◽  
Observation Period

  Abstract :  This article studies relationship break‐up among married and cohabiting couples, based on the Belgian data ofthe Crossroads Bank of Social Security. The results are based on a sample of couples marrying for the first timeor starting to cohabit for the first time between 1999 and 2001. The sample is followed over time until 2013. Thepurpose of this study is to gain insight in relationship break‐up of married and cohabiting couples using registerdata. Given the fact that cohabiting couples are underestimated in official statistics because these only use offi‐cially registered partnerships (e.g. legal cohabitation), cohabiting couples are identified in this article on the basisof their LIPRO typology giving a more correct insight in relationship dynamics of cohabiting couples.The article looks at patterns of relationship dissolution with the aid of survival analysis and a discrete time eventhistory analysis for three relationship trajectories: marriages formed without premarital cohabitation, marriagesformed after a period of premarital cohabitation and cohabitations not (yet) converted into a marriage duringthe observation period. The results show that cohabiting couples not marrying during the observation period,have a much lower chance to be together after 14 years compared to the married couples. The differences be‐tween married couples with and without a period of unmarried cohabitation are more limited. Further, we findthat a break‐ups are more common among couples who start living together at an early age, start from a weakereconomic background or those that do not have children during the first four years. The association betweenrelationship break‐up and these background characteristics is similar among all three relationship trajectoriesstudied.

scholarly journals Family formation and structure in Finland

1995 ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Jarl Lindgren
Keyword(s):  
Family Formation ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Premarital Cohabitation ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
One Parent Families ◽  
Consensual Unions ◽  
Weak Tendency

The article is an overview of the changes in family formation and structure in Finland during the last few decades. The period examined extends from the 1950s until the beginning of the 1990s with the emphasis on the current situation. The article starts with a look on the changes in union establishment and shows that, on the whole, the age at starting the union has been unchanged if one takes into consideration that a union today starts with premarital cohabitation. There are more divorces than earlier. The dissolution frequency is higher among consensual unions than in marriages. The most common type of family is a family consisting of married parents with children. Living in marriage has decreased among young persons while consensual unions have become more common. The proportion of one-parent families has been almost unchanged during the last two decades. In the 1990s there has been a weak tendency to a growing proportion of families with three children. The most apparent trend during the following decades will be the rapidly growing number of families without children.

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