scholarly journals Critic on Auguste Comte’s Positivism in Sociology (An Islamic Sociology Perspective)

TRANSFORMATIF ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-221
Author(s):  
Novita Sari ◽  
Jarman Arroisi
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Social ◽  
Auguste Comte ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Fundamental Value ◽  
The Many ◽  
Research Types ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Era

The rapid science in the modern era, provides significant changes for humans, both in the fields of economics, politics, culture, environment, society, education, and even religion. The 19th century is a century of science that is growing rapidly, this can be seen from the emergence of various scientists who provide concepts, theories based on philosophy with basic ontology, epistemology, and axiology as a contribution to the development of science. One of them, the scientist known as the father of sociology, was Auguste Comte a scientist from France. Comte is famous for its philosophy of postivism because of the many references by scientists in the contemporary era. This is based on the calculation of the success of designing the social structure of modern humans with three stages of law, but one side of the theory he produced has eliminated the fundamental value in humans, namely eliminating the metaphysical basis. In a three-stage law, more concerned with physical values than metaphysical values, this will result in a society that abandons religion and even eliminates the existence of God. The thoughts produced by Comte are thoughts originating from the west, where the basic West is relativism so if viewed from an Islamic point of view this theory will produce atheists and eliminate the sanctity of religion. In Islam religion and society are inseparable because religion is a guideline that is used as a basis in people's lives based on the values of the Qur'an and Sunnah. Therefore in this paper we will study more deeply the criticisms of Aguste Comte's thinking, using qualitative research types, with descriptive analysis methods and theological philosophical approaches. 

scholarly journals WOMEN’S EDUCATION IN THE ASPECT OF THE PROFILE OF TEACHING AND TRAINING OF TEACHERS IN RUSSIAN SCHOOL OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH – THE EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-209
Author(s):  
Elena V. Kireeva ◽  
Natalia N. Zubareva
Keyword(s):  
Women's Education ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Russian School ◽  
The Social ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Training ◽  
Educational Ideal

This article defi nes the key problems of women’s education in the system of specialised education in Russian school of the second half of the 19th – the early 20th centuries from the point of view of the issue of training of teachers. The authors analysed approaches to the problems of women’s education profi le, taking into account the class character of education and the demands of the society of the considered historical period. The publication systematises the works of outstanding Russian theoretical pedagogues of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. in the context of the ideological and organisational and methodological aspects of women’s education, as well as the search for its educational ideal that corresponds to the social roles of women of that time. The programme of the course of pedagogy for women’s educational institutions of the second half of the 19th century is analysed from that point of view, and the conclusion is made about its practical orientation in solving the problem of isolation of women’s education from the realities of life. The considered ideas and principles of the leading theoretical pedagogues of this period on the problems of women’s education within the framework of the profi le of training are not only of historical signifi cance, but also show continuity in solving a number of modern educational problems.

scholarly journals Deconstructing The Stereotypes Of Women Through A Female Voice In Burial Rites (2013) By Hannah Kent

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paramita Ayuningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Rural Society ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Female Voice ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
The Social ◽  
Good Woman ◽  
Burial Rites ◽  
The 19Th Century

Patriarchal society regulates how women should behave and act. If a woman obeys the social rules, she will be labeled as a good woman. On the other hand, if a woman does not follow the social values, she will be immediately categorized as an evil woman and given negative stereotypes. This binary opposition between a good woman and a bad woman is often criticized by the feminists because they think this categorization burdens women. This issue is also highlighted by Hannah Kent in her novel Burial Rites (2013). This novel is set in a rural society in Iceland in the 19th century with its patriarchal values, focusing on a woman named Agnes that will soon be executed. This theme interested the researcher to study Burial Rites more deeply using feminist perspective. Characters, setting and point of view are the intrinsic elements discussed in this research. The result of the analysis shows that through these three elements, Burial Rites describes society’s stereotypes about ‘evil women’ and there is an effort from the author to deconstruct the stereotype through a female voice.

scholarly journals Communicative Action: Correlation Of Leadership Principles In The Viewpoint Of Muhammad Rasulullah And J. Habermas

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 350-361
Author(s):  
Igo Ilham Hilabi ◽  
Andhika Rahmat Saputra ◽  
Chalimatuz Sa'diyah ◽  
Siti Nurhasanah
Keyword(s):  
Communicative Action ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Spiritual Leadership ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Leadership Characteristics ◽  
Rational Development ◽  
The Social ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
Social Side ◽  
Islamic Leadership

This study aims to briefly review the thoughts of Jurgen Habermas, a German philosopher at the Frankfurt School with his critical philosophy, especially regarding social thought, by comparing it with the concept of spiritual leadership in Islam as reflected by the leadership characteristics of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. Data processing uses descriptive analysis with a deconstruction paradigm, looking more sharply to provide new and critical meanings to the interpretation of Habermas's thoughts. The text is understood and rearranged from a different point of view. After finding the philosophical foundation and structure of Habermas' thought, the researcher compares his thoughts to the concept correlation of the Leadership of the Prophet Muhammad SAW so as to find Habermas' intentions related to Communicative Action and the rational development of society. The results of this study prove that Habermas's idea has a similar concept to Islamic spiritual leadership in a brief conceptualization that reflects the character and values that adhere to humanity, equality of emancipatory values and prioritizing communication in deliberation and solidarity that can lead to great ideals Naturalism is welfare in Habermasian Communicative Action. The spiritual implications of Islamic leadership are addressed using a democratic method and prioritizing the social side so that it has a purpose for the development of society.

The ‘Datasphere’, Data Flows beyond Control, and the Challenges for Law and Governance

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Sylvestre Bergé ◽  
Stéphane Grumbach ◽  
Vincenzo Zeno-Zencovich
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Data Flows ◽  
Governance Challenges ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
The Many

The flows of people, goods and capital, which have considerably increased in recent history, are leading to crises (e.g., migrants, tax evasion, food safety) which reveal the failure to control them. Much less visible, and not yet included in economic measurements, data flows have increased exponentially in the last two decades, with the digitisation of social and economic activities. A new space – Datasphere – is emerging, mostly supported by digital platforms which provide essential services reaching half of the world’s population directly. Their control over data flows raises new challenges to governance, and increasingly conflicts with public administration. In this paper, we consider the need and the difficulty of regulating this emerging space and the different approaches followed on both sides of the Atlantic. We distinguish between three situations. We first consider data at rest, which is from the point of view of the location where data are physically stored. We then consider data in motion, and the issues related to their combination. Finally, we investigate data in action, that is data as vectors of command of legal or illegal activities over territories, with impacts on economy and society as well as security, and raise governance challenges. The notion of ‘Datasphere’ proposes a holistic comprehension of all the ‘information’ existing on earth, originating both in natural and socio-economic systems, which can be captured in digital form, flows through networks, and is stored, processed and transformed by machines. It differs from the ‘Cyberspace’, which is mostly concerned with the networks, the technical instruments (from software and protocols to cables and data centers) together with the social activities it allows, and to what extent they could/should be allowed. The paper suggests one – out of the many possible – approach to this new world. Clearly it would be impossible to delve in depth into all its facets, which are as many as those of the physical world. Rather, it attempts to present how traditional legal notions could be usefully managed to put order in a highly complex environment, avoiding a piecemeal approach that looks only at details.

The Modern Man's Religion: A Social Question

1914 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-106
Author(s):  
John Edwards LeBosquet
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Settlements ◽  
Social Question ◽  
Crucial Question ◽  
Social Betterment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Innate Recognition ◽  
Religious Question ◽  
The Many

The religious question of an earlier day was, “Are you saved, my brother?” Matters have changed since then. Religion at this moment is but slightly a matter for individual concern or query, while it is very decidedly of serious importance to social thinkers and sociological conferences. As matter of fact, a consideration of the “state of religion” in our present day is no longer a mere courtesy to constituted religion but is a necessary logical preliminary to sociological reconstruction as such. For consider the significance of religion from the social idealist's point of view. One may calculate to the nicest exactitude every needed remedy for our glaring maladjustments, yet that result all by itself will be of no worth until the crucial question is answered whether, after all this information and wisdom has been gained, people of the average sort are going to pay any attention to it, let alone act accordingly. It is or should be plain that in social betterment as in life in general, though men by the grace of science know all mysteries and all knowledge, yet if they have not love, all social panaceas are condemned to be but effervescent dreams and much-whipped syllabub. The perception of values is nothing, except there be a fundamental and innate recognition of values as absolutely and beyond argument binding. The many imposing models of desirable social machinery being prepared by skilled draughtsmen within and without our universities and social settlements and the like, can never be made to go, despite all their glistening cogs and cams and innumerable clever devices, without a certain minimum of that spontaneous energy which we call religion. You may prove never so clearly how wages might be raised and taxes be more equalized and how at last, far off, poverty may be abolished. For those in the saddle there is easy reply, “Why give up our advantage? Why not ‘let us alone’? What are our servants and tribute-givers to us? Why are we our brothers' keepers?” To such blustering self-regarding inertia as this, there could be no answer save the appeal to deep realities, which because they are cannot by any “why” be shouldered aside.

scholarly journals KEBEBASAN KEHENDAK DALAM AL-QUR’AN: STUDI TAFSIR MU’TAZILAH

el-'Umdah ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rizky HK
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Divine Intervention ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Good And Evil ◽  
Modern Era

This article will describe the quranic interpretation of Mu’tazilite on theological verses which talked about free will. As a rationalist sect in Islamic tradition, Mu’tazilite offered different perspective, which has been known as a more logical sect than a mainstream thought in Islam. As a result, they came with a different perspective on a lot of theological aspects. Mu’tazilite believes, that human have a freedom to choose, Human has a free will. They are free to choose between good and evil. There’s no divine intervention in human act. In modern era, Existensialism came with same statement that human should be free. Existensialist believes that human existensce preceed their essence. This paper will describe the similarity of these two and would try to identificate mu’tazilite method of interpretation with existensialist point of view. This article use qualitative research method with descriptive analysis approach through the collection of related literature studies especially The thought of Jean Paul Sartre and Soren Kierkegaard, Two biggest existensialist. The results of this study indicate that the conception offree will has relevance with Islamic tradition itself, and have a relation wih western philosophy.

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Waqf Uang di Masa Pandemic Covid-19 Dalam Perspektif Maqasid Syariah

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-259
Author(s):  
Nurlaili Nurlaili
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Public ◽  
Opportunity To Respond ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

Money waqf can be used to overcome socio-economic problems that occur in Indonesia, this should be an opportunity to respond to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. As stated in the maqasid sharia concept, responding to a pandemic requires strategic and clear goals. This research paper aims to analyze whether the use of cash waqf has been optimally utilized or not at the time of covid 19, as well as cash waqf in terms of maqasid shariah. This study uses qualitative methods, using descriptive analysis in library research. The results of this study indicate that the use of cash waqf in Indonesia is still not optimal in overcoming the impact of this pandemic, there are several regions that still do not feel the distribution of the use of cash waqf. From the maqasid shari'ah point of view, the use of cash waqf is in accordance with As-Syatibi's description of the three mandatory concepts, namely "dharuriyah, hajiyah and tahsiniyah". This study provides advice to stakeholders such as scholars, universities, or schools and the government together provide understanding to the public regarding money waqf, with the many understandings of money waqf in Indonesia, of course adding nominal cash waqf funds to be utilized according to socio-economic needs in Indonesia and can make social networks to help micro-communities in need Keywords: Waqf money, covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia, Maqasid Shari'ah   ABSTRAK. Waqf uang dapat diperuntukan mengatasi masalah sosial-ekonomi yang terjadi di Indonesia, hal ini harusnya dapat menjadi sebuah peluang untuk merespons dampak dari pandemic Covid-19. Sebagaimana tertuang dalam konsep maqashid syariah, merespons pandemi membutuhkan tujuan yang strategis dan jelas. Makalah penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penggunaan waqf uang telah dimanfaatkan secara optimal atau belum pada saat covid 19, serta waqf uang ditinjau dari maqasid shariah. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan menggunakan analisis-deskriptif pada penelitian library research (kepustakaan). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan waqf uang di Indonesia masih belum optimal dalam mengatasi dampak dari pandemi ini, terdapat beberapa daerah yang masih belum merasakan pemerataan dari pemanfaatan waqf uang. Dari sudut maqasid shari’ah, penggunaan waqf uang telah sesuai dengan uraian As-Syatibi tentang tiga konsep wajib, yaitu “dharuriyah, hajiyah dan tahsiniyah”. Penelitian ini memberikan saran kepada stakeholder seperti para ulama, universitas atau sekolah dan pemerintah bersama-sama memberikan pemahaman kepada masyarakat terkait wafqf uang, dengan banyaknya pemahaman waqf uang di Indonesia tentu menambahkan nominal dana waqf uang untuk dapat dimanfaatkan sesuai dengan kebutuhan sosial-ekonomi di Indonesia dan dapat menjadikan jaringan sosial untuk membantu masyarakat mikro yang membutuhkan. Kata kunci: Waqf uang, pandemi covid-19 di Indonesia, Maqasid Shari’ah

scholarly journals STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SOSIAL CERITA RAKYAT (LEGENDA SETEMPAT) PINCURAN TUJUAH DI KANAGARIAN SIKUCUA TIMUR KECAMATAN V KOTO KAMPUANG DALAM KABUPATEN PADANG PARIAMAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Marzon Putra AF ◽  
Nurizzati Nurizzati
Keyword(s):  
Setting Time ◽  
Social Function ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Language Style ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Social ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Identification Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Reporting Phase

This study aims to describe: (1) folklore structure of local legend Tujuah in Kanagarian Sikucua Timur sub-district V Koto Kampuang Dalam Padang Pariaman district, (2) social function folklore local legend Tujuah in Kanagarian Sikucua Timur sub-district V district Koto Kampuang sub-district Padang Pariaman. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. The data of this research are folklore of local legends of Tujuah in Kanagarian Sikucua Timur, Subdistrict V, Koto Kampuang Dalam, Padang Pariaman District. The data in this study were analyzed in four stages, namely: (1) the data identification stage, the data collected from the informants were identified through two stages, namely: (a) the stage of transcription, transliteration, and (b) the stage of describing the results of observation, recording, and interview, (2) Data classification or analysis stage, (3) Discussion phase and conclusion of the results of classification or data analysis, (4) Reporting phase. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the folklore structure of local legend Tujuah in Kanagarian Sikucua Timur, V Subdistrict, Koto Kampuang Dalam, Padang Pariaman Regency consists of, namely: (1) language style, language style speech used by folklore in local legend Folklore Pariaman dialect, (2) point of view, (3) character and character, figures found in local folklore local legend Pujuran Tujuah is divided into two, Sutan Bagindo as the main character, and Putri Bungsu, Mandeh Rubiah, Rajo Simanta as a side character, ( 4) background, background of folklore local legend Pujuran Tujuah is a setting, time setting and social setting, (5) plot / plot, plot / plot in folklore local legend Pincuran Tujuah is a conventional plot, and has three stages: , the initial stage or introduction (beginning), middle stage or conflict (midle), and the final stage or end (end), (6) themes, and (7) mandate. The social function of folklore local legend of the Tujuah Swamp in Kanagarian Sikucua Timur, V Koto Kampuang Dalam District, Padang Pariaman Regency, namely: (1) educating, and (2) entertaining.Keywords: folklore, legend, minangkabau

scholarly journals ¿Y después de Sagunto, qué? : las bases del orden restauracionista en Lugo (1875-1881)

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xose R. Veiga Alonso
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Peripheral Point

El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar un estudio de las bases políticas y sociales que definen los primeros años de la Restauración en el Lugo decimonónico. En general, los orígenes de la Restauración se han analizado desde una perspectiva centralista que privilegiaba el papel de los políticos actuantes en el centro madrileño. En este artículo, por el contrario, se adopta una visión periférica que concede el protagonismo a los actores locales y provinciales. El estudio del activo papel de los alfonsistas lucences, de la peculiar traducción provincial de las disposiciones renovadores de diputaciones, ayuntamientos y empleados públicos, del papel del gobernador civil siempre muy condicionado por los políticos de la provincia o de los sólidos espacios de poder que se estructuran alrededor de estos poderosos provinciales, define un escenario de cambio muy complejo que en absoluto puede explicarse recurriendo únicamente al análisis de las ordenanzas gubernamentales y al conocimiento del activismo de los políticos capitalinos.The aim of thls investigation is to carry out a study of the social and political basis which define the first years of the Restoration in Lugo in the 19th century. Generally, the origins of the Restoration have been analized from a centralist idea which favoured the role of the politicians settied in the centre of Madrid. On the contrary, in thls article, local and provincial actors are treated as the protagonist from a peripheral point of view. The study of the active parí of the «alfonsistas» of Lugo, the study of the special provincial translation of the renewed ideas of the deputations, counciis and public empioyers, the study of the civil gobernar always condicionated by the provincial politicians and the study of the power arranged around these powerful people, define a very changeable complex stage which can't only be explained from the governmental point of view or from the activist knowledge of the politicians of the capital.

Virtus, Merkur und Moneten

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Jendorff
Keyword(s):  
Economic Life ◽  
Complex Spectrum ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Feudal Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Era

The nobility of the pre-modern era did not seem to be familiar with the logic and rationalities of economic life. Noble families’ lives were assumed to revolve around luxury, tend towards excessive expenditure and be permanently threatened with ruin. Nevertheless, that is only one side of the complex spectrum of economic activities in which nobles all over Europe were engaged. Their entrepreneurship adapted to economic developments and thus massively influenced economic structures over the centuries. In competition and, of course, in coalition with non-noble participants in diverse markets, European nobles transformed the former feudal society, which led to the emergence of capitalism. This study not only shows the different fields nobles all over Europe were engaged in, but also explains the connection between noble self-fashioning and self-reliance on the one hand, and the ideas and understanding of the social environment and of the position of the individual within it from the 13th to the 19th century on the other. Hence, it also considers why and how the negative perception and evaluation of nobles’ economic activities in parts of Europe developed and what influenced these negative opinions.

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