scholarly journals Biodiesel Synthesis from the Used Cooking Oil Using CaO Catalyst Derived from Waste Animal Bones

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-590
Author(s):  
Luqman Buchori ◽  
◽  
Didi Dwi Anggoro ◽  
Anwar Ma’ruf ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

The synthesis of biodiesel from the used cooking oil with CaO catalyst from waste animal bones has been investigated. The content of free fatty acids (FFA) in the used cooking oil was reduced by adsorption using activated charcoal from a salak peel. Biodiesel synthesis was carried out via transesterification using CaO catalyst. The CaO catalyst was obtained from waste animal bones calcined in the Ney Vulcan furnace. The effect of calcination temperature was studied in the range of 873‒1273 K. The effect of catalyst loading was investigated by varying within the range of 1‒9 wt %. The methanol to oil molar ratio was investigated in the range from 6:1 to 18:1. The effect of the transesterification reaction time was studied with a time variation of 1‒5 h. The optimum operating conditions were determined. Under these conditions, the yield of biodiesel produced was 97.56 % with an ester content of 96.06 %. It was shown that the physicochemical properties of biodiesel produced meet the standards.

scholarly journals Supermagnetic Nano-Bifunctional Catalyst from Rice Husk: Synthesis, Characterization and Application for Conversion of Used Cooking Oil to Biodiesel

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balkis Hazmi ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap ◽  
Mohd Lokman Ibrahim ◽  
Imededdine Arbi Nehdi
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Reaction Duration ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil

The present work investigated the biodiesel production from used cooking oil catalyzed by nano-bifunctional supermagnetic heterogeneous catalysts (RHC/K2O/Fe) derived from rice husk doped with K2O and Fe synthesized by the wet impregnation method. The synthesized catalysts (RHC/K2O/Fe) were characterized for crystallinity by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), total acidity and basicity using CO2/NH3-TPD, textural properties through Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), thermal stability via thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), functional group determination by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface morphology through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and magnetic properties by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The VSM result demonstrated that the super-paramagnetic catalyst (RHC/K2O-20%/Fe-5%) could be simply separated and regained after the reaction using an external magnetic field. The operating conditions such as catalyst loading, methanol/oil molar ratio, temperature, and reaction duration were studied. The screened RHC/K2O-20%/Fe-5% catalyst was selected for further optimization and the optimum reaction parameters found were 4 wt % of catalyst, a molar ratio of methanol/oil of 12:1, 4 h reaction duration, and 75 °C reaction temperature with a maximal yield of 98.6%. The reusability study and reactivation results revealed that the nano-bifunctional magnetic catalyst (RHC/K2O-20%/Fe-5%) could be preserved by high catalytic activity even after being reused five times.

scholarly journals Two-Stage Biodiesel Synthesis from Used Cooking Oil with a High Acid Value via an Ultrasound-Assisted Method

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3703
Author(s):  
Ming-Chien Hsiao ◽  
Wei-Ting Lin ◽  
Wei-Cheng Chiu ◽  
Shuhn-Shyurng Hou
Keyword(s):  
Acid Value ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
High Acid ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted

In this study, ultrasound was used to accelerate two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic synthesis of biodiesel from used cooking oil, which originally had a high acid value (4.35 mg KOH/g). In the first stage, acid-catalyzed esterification reaction conditions were developed with a 9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, sulfuric acid dosage at 2 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. Under ultrasound irradiation for 40 min, the acid value was effectively decreased from 4.35 to 1.67 mg KOH/g, which was decreased to a sufficient level (<2 mg KOH/g) to avoid the saponification problem for the subsequent transesterification reaction. In the following stage, base-catalyzed transesterification reactions were carried out with a 12:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, a sodium hydroxide dosage of 1 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 65 °C. Under ultrasound-assisted transesterification for 40 min, the conversion rate of biodiesel reached 97.05%, which met the requirement of EN 14214 standard, i.e., 96.5% minimum. In order to evaluate and explore the improvement of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) process in shortening the reaction time, additional two-stage biodiesel synthesis experiments using the traditional mechanical stirring method under the optimal conditions were further carried out in this study. It was found that, under the same optimal conditions, using the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process, the total reaction time was significantly reduced to only 80 min, which was much shorter than the total time required by the conventional method of 140 min. It is worth noting that compared with the traditional method without ultrasound, the intensification of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process significantly shortened the total time from 140 min to 80 min, which is a reduction of 42.9%. It was concluded that the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic process is an effective and time-saving method for synthesizing biodiesel from used cooking oil with a high acid value.

scholarly journals The Optimization of Ozonolysis Reaction For Synthesis of Biopolyol From Used Palm Cooking Oil

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Edy Purwanto ◽  
Lieke Riadi ◽  
Nathania Tamara I. ◽  
Mellisha Ika K.
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Ozone Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimal Operating ◽  
Optimal Operating Condition ◽  
Hydroxyl Value ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil

Biopolyol is a raw material for synthesis of polyurethanes which is used as thermoset and thermoplastic materials, adhesives, rigid or non-rigid foams and also for coating. The utilization of waste edible oil as feedstock for synthesis of biopolyol has attracted some researchers. However, there is little attention focused on the application of ozone technology for synthesis of biopolyol from used cooking oil through ozonolysis reaction. Response surface methodology was performed to determine the optimal operating condition in the synthesis of biopolyol using ozone and sorbitol as a hydroxyl group source. The influence of input variables such as temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of oil to sorbitol and ozone concentration on hydroxyl value quantified was studied. The optimal condition was determined by high amount of hydroxyl value resulted from response surface method which used the experimental data. The ozonolysis reaction was conducted in a batch reactor equipped with agitator, tube sparger, thermocouple, reflux condenser and potassium iodide trap. Central composite design with four independent variables and one response variable was performed to determine the influence of independent variables on output variable of hydroxyl value of biopolyol. The hydroxyl value of polyol is a quadratic function of molar ratio of oil to methanol and a linear function of reaction temperature. The optimal operating condition was achieved at a temperature of 25℃, a reaction time of 5 hours, molar ratio of used cooking oil to sorbitol is 1:7 and ozone concentration about 4.8%.Keywords: Ozonolysis; Biopolyol; Hydroxyl value; Used cooking oil; Palm oil

scholarly journals Purification of Used Cooking Oil by Alkali Neutralization and Bleaching of Bayah Natural Zeolite

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Endang Su Hendi ◽  
Rusdi Rusdi ◽  
Bagja Nur Alam ◽  
Siti Nurbaeti
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Natural Rock ◽  
Alkali Neutralization

Cooking oil that is used repeatedly at high temperatures will reduce the quality of cooking oil. This will trigger the hydrolysis and oxidation processes that will change the characteristics of the oil, such as an increase in free fatty acid levels and peroxide numbers. Purification of used cooking oil can be carried out physically and chemically. The physical purification of oil is carried out by using adsorbents, while chemically purification process is carried out with an alkaline solution. Physically, natural materials such as zeolite can be used, where zeolite is a natural rock or mineral which chemically has a large surface area to be used in the adsorption process. Chemically with alkaline solution you can use sodium hydroxide (NaOH). In this study, used cooking oil is purified by three stages of the process, namely despicing, neutralization and bleaching to comply with the SNI quality standards. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum operating conditions for the purification of used cooking oil in accordance with the quality standards for cooking oil. based on the results obtained by adding a NaOH concentration of 19% in the neutralization process and a zeolite concentration of 90% can reduce the acid number value of 2.4 mg NaOH/gr, the peroxide number is 7 mekO2/kg, the color degradation of used cooking oil is 51.83%.

Advanced treatment of high strength opium alkaloid industry effluents

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.F. Aydin ◽  
M. Altinbas ◽  
M.F. Sevimli ◽  
I. Ozturk ◽  
H.Z. Sarikaya
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Fenton’S Oxidation ◽  
Fenton's Oxidation ◽  
Opium Alkaloid

The purpose of this study was to investigate an effective treatment system which can be applicable to treat opium alkaloid industry (OAI) effluents characterised with high COD, TKN, dark color and non-biodegradable organic pollutants. In the first phase of the study, lab-scale anaerobic (UASBR) + aerobic (SBR) treatability studies were carried out on opium processing industry effluents. Effluent CODs from the two staged biological treatment system were relatively high (∼700 mgl−1) and additional post treatment was required. Physico-chemical treatability studies previously carried out on the effluent of opium alkaloid wastewater treatment plant, were not effective in removing residual COD and color. In the second phase of the study, the refractory organics causing higher inert COD values in the SBR effluent were additionally treated by using Fenton's Oxidation. The batch tests were performed to determine the optimum operating conditions including pH, H2O2 dosage, molar ratio of Fe2+/H2O2 and reaction time. It was found that removal efficiencies of COD and color for 30 minutes reaction time were about 90% and 95%, respectively. The ratio of H2O2/FeSO4 was determined as 200 mgl−1/600 mgl−1 for the optimum oxidation and coagulation process at pH 4. Experimental results of the present study have clearly indicated that the Fenton's oxidation technology is capable to treat almost all parts of the organics which consist of both soluble initial and microbial inert fractions of COD for opium alkaloid industry effluents. Effluents from the Fenton's Oxidation process can satisfy effluent standards for COD and color in general.

Biodiesel Production through Direct Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil with Alcohol via Ultrasonic Wave

2013 ◽  
Vol 389 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Yong Feng Kang ◽  
Hua Jin Shi ◽  
Lin Ge Yang ◽  
Jun Xia Kang ◽  
Zi Qi Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Ultrasonic Power ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Ester Exchange Reaction

Biodiesel is prepared from waste cooking oil and methanol. The ester exchange reaction is conducted under ultrasonic conditions with alkali as the catalysts. Five factors influencing on the transesterification reaction of biodiesel production are discussed in this study, including the reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst amount, methanol to oil molar ratio, ultrasonic power. A series of laboratory experiments were carried out to test the conversion of biodiesel under various conditions. The process of biodiesel production was optimized by application of orthogonal test obtain the optimum conditions for biodiesel synthesis. The results showed that the optimum reaction conditions were:molar ratio of oil to methanol 8:1,catalysts 1.2g KOH/100g oil,reaction temperature 70°C, reaction time 50 min,Ultrasonic power 400W. The conversion may up to 96.48%.

scholarly journals Mineralization of Hazardous Waste Landfill Leachate using Photo-Fenton Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 05012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Singa ◽  
Mohamed Hasnain Isa ◽  
Yeek-Chia Ho ◽  
Jun-Wei Lim
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Fenton Process ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Fenton Reagents ◽  
Uv Lamp ◽  
Fenton Oxidation Process

This study was conducted to evaluate the COD removal efficiency of Photo-Fenton oxidation process. The reagents used in the Photo-Fenton process are catalyst Fe2+ and H2O2 as oxidizing agent. A 16W UV lamp was used to carry out the experiments. All the experiments were performed in batch mode to investigate the influence of operating conditions viz., Fenton reagents dosage, molar ratio and reaction time. The maximum COD removal observed was 68% under optimum operating conditions. The operating conditions H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio = 3 and reaction time = 90 minutes were found to optimum. The dosages of Fenton reagents i.e. hydrogen peroxide and Fe2+ were optimum at 0.09 mol/L and 0.03 mol/L respectively.

scholarly journals Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil and Its Performance on Four Strokes IC Engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.5) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
B. S V S R Krishna ◽  
Shivaraj B K
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Ic Engine ◽  
Cooking Oil

Majority of biodiesel is produced from plant oil (Jatropha, Pongamia, Mahua, Neem, Cotton seed oil etc.), which requires large land area to grow. The major drawback of production of biodiesel in large scale is the cost of raw materials. One of the satisfactory methods to limit the Biodiesel (Methyl esters) production cost is to employ low price/quality raw material, for instance biodiesel production using waste cooking oil (WCO). Simultaneously solves the disposal problem of waste cooking oil. This is socioeconomic and environment friendly and it does not compete with fresh food oil resources. Waste cooking oil collected from different hotels in and around Manipal/Udupi of Karnataka, India. Transesterification reaction of WCO with methanol in presence of alkaline catalyst KOH has been accomplished in transesterification reactor. Experiments have been carried out at different operating conditions viz. catalyst loading (over the range of 0.4 to 3 wt %), oil to methanol ratio (1:3, 1:5, 1:6, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10 and 1:12), reaction temperature (50, 60 and 70 ºC) and reaction time (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 minutes) to identify optimized conditions for preparation of biodiesel. At these conditions gave that maximum yield (~91.60 %) of biodiesel at catalyst loading of 0.85 wt %, oil to methanol ratio of 1:8, reaction temperature of 60 ºC and reaction time of 60 minutes. Biodiesel properties at different blends (B100, B30, B20, and B5) as prescribed by ASTM D6751-12 methods have been carried out. Its performance and emission test on diesel engine were also carried out.  

scholarly journals Car Wash Wastewater Treatment Using an Advanced Oxidation Process: A Rapid Technique for the COD Reduction of Water Pollutant Sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Davarnejad ◽  
Kasra Sarvmeili ◽  
Meysam Sabzehei
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Process ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Car Wash ◽  
Water Pollutant ◽  
Car Wash Wastewater

In this paper, a car wash wastewater (CW) was treated by an economic and eco-friendly method called electro-Fenton (EF) technique. The experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of five important variables including reaction time, current density, pH, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio and H2O2/Car wash wastewater (mL/L) on the quality characteristics of wastewater such as COD, BOD5, TOC, TSS, heavy metals, EC, surfactants and hardness. By applying Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM), the optimum operating conditions were obtained. The optimum conditions for COD [as a main factor in a wastewater (according to the environmental protocols)] removal of 68.72% were experimentally found at reaction time of 75.80 min, current density of 58.81 mA/cm2, pH of 3.02, volume ratio of H2O2/CW of 1.62 mL/L, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio of 3.66.

Classical Fenton and Sequencing Batch Reactor Treatment of Pesticide Wastewater

2020 ◽  
pp. 373-403
Author(s):  
Augustine Chioma Affam ◽  
Ezerie Henry Ezechi ◽  
Malay Chaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Toc Removal ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Pseudo First Order

This chapter examined Fenton and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment of pesticide industrial wastewater. The optimum operating conditions for Fenton pretreatment of the pesticide wastewater were H2O2/COD molar ratio 3.0, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio 10, pH 3 and reaction time 60 min. The COD and TOC removal were 58.51 and 39.76%, respectively and biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio) increased from 0.02 to ~ 0.30 after 60 min reaction time. The reaction followed pseudo-first order kinetics with a rate constant (k) of 0.0083 min−1. In the post-treatment by aerobic SBR, five different Fenton operating conditions were investigated and H2O2/COD molar ratio 3.0, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio 25, pH 3 and reaction time 60 min appeared to be the most significant (p &lt; 0.05) operating conditions. The Fenton–SBR treatment at 12 hr HRT achieved COD, TOC and BOD5 removal efficiency of 96.7, 97.7 and 93.3%, respectively. The Fenton-SBR process was effective for the treatment of pesticide wastewater.

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