scholarly journals Effect of Soil Applied Silicon on Gas Exchange Parameters, Growth and Ion Content of Maize under Alkaline Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 032-039
Author(s):  
Gokula Priya Natarajan ◽  
◽  
Malayappa Venkataraman Sriramachandrasekharan ◽  
Rengarjan Manivannan ◽  
Muthu Arjuna Samy Prakash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Alkaline Stress ◽  
Ion Content ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Exchange Parameters

A pot experiment was conducted to understand the effect of soil applied silicon on maize crop growth under alkaline stress. The treatment consists of silicon levels (kg ha-1) – 0, 100 and 150 and alkaline stress levels (mM) – 0, 25, 50, 75. The pots were arranged in completely randomized block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. The result revealed that the shoot and root length and chlorophyll content of maize were reduced with increasing alkaline stress. The percent reduction due to alkaline stress on shoot and root length was to tune of 3.6 to 15.8 and 8.9 to 35.8, respectively and chlorophyll content 11.2 to 35.7. The sodium ion content increased, but potassium content and K Na-1 ratio decreased with alkaline stress. The gas exchange parameters viz., photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were significantly decreased with alkalinity levels. The adverse effect of alkalinity on maize was turnround with intervention of soil applied silicon. The percent increase due to silicon intervention ranged from 4.3 to 12.6 in photosynthetic rate, 4.5 to 14.5 in stomatal conductance, 6.3 to 21.4 in transpiration rate, 7.0 to 20.9 and 8.4 to 29.3 in shoot and root potassium, 19.4 to 33.5 and 20.6 to 55.9 in shoot and root K Na-1. The percent decrease in sodium concentration in shoot and root ranged from 8.6 to 14.2 and 4.3 to 23.7. Between 100 and 150 kgs of silicon applied, the desired result was achieved with 150 kg Si ha-1. It is recommended to apply 150 kg Si ha-1 to maneuver the ill effects of alkalinity on maize.

Gas exchange and yield in Miscanthus species for three years at two locations in Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Głowacka ◽  
Stanisław Jeżowski ◽  
Zygmunt Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
The Third ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Głowacka, K., Jeżowski, S. and Kaczmarek, Z. 2013. Gas exchange and yield in Miscanthus species for three years at two locations in Poland. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 627–637. The influence of gas exchange parameters on yields of six Miscanthus clones were evaluated in two locations over three years. Five out of six genotypes had significant increases in the photosynthetic rate and intrinsic water use efficiency between the third and first or third and second years, while intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance decreased. In addition, the multiple regression analyses of yields on parameters showed that the type of the correlation coefficients for transpiration, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration varied throughout the years. The strongest correlation (0.86) between yield and photosynthetic rate was found for 3-year-old plants.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition of Celandine (Chelidonium majus L.) Extract and its Effects on Botrytis tulipae (Lib.) Lind Fungus and the Tulip

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel PARVU ◽  
Laurian VLASE ◽  
Laszlo FODORPATAKI ◽  
Ovidiu PARVU ◽  
Oana ROSCA-CASIAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Chelidonium Majus ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Nutritive Medium ◽  
Exchange Parameters

In this study, the content of chelidonine and berberine alkaloids, and sterols and phenols in the Chelidonium majus plant extract were analyzed. Subsequently, the effects of the extract on the germination and growth of Botrytis tulipae fungus on nutritive medium were compared to the effects of fluconazole. The plant extract was used at the minimum inhibitory concentration on B. tulipae developed in tulip leaves and the in vivo effects were investigated. The influence of different concentrations of C. majus extract on the physiological processes of the tulip (gas exchange parameters, photosynthetic light use efficiency, and induced chlorophyll fluorescence) were also tested to assess the applicability of the extract for the protection of ornamental plants against fungal infection. Our results demonstrated that 2% celandine extract does not significantly change the gas exchange parameters (transpiration rate, carbon dioxide uptake, and stomatal conductivity) of leaves exposed for 2 h, and does not interfere with the photochemical processes in the leaves. However, in higher concentrations, it increases the transpiration rate and net carbon dioxide influx. At concentrations of 15% and 20%, the extract lowers the potential quantum yield efficiency of photosystem II and the vitality index of the photosynthetic apparatus. Therefore we recommend the use of lower concentrations (≤6%) of celandine extract for the biological protection of tulips against gray mold.

Effect of Flavone from Forestry Waste C.Cathayensis Exocarp on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Crops

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 2365-2368
Author(s):  
Xiang Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Photosynthesis Efficiency ◽  
Seedling Leaf ◽  
Intercellular Co2

Using six kinds of concentration (ranged from 0.0 to 2.0mg.L-1) of flavone extract from C.cathayensis exocarp treats corn, soybean, wheat and mung bean seedlings, in order to study the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 on the seedling leaf. Results show that effects of flavone extract (0.1-0.5mg.L-1) increase content of the chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, promote photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, proper increase cell gap inside the CO2 concentration.0.1mg.L-1 treatment effect is the most obvious compare with the control, the total chlorophyll and photosynthetic rate increase by 20.9 % and 21% respectively; More than 0.5mg.L-1, the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate decrease, the intercellular CO2 rapid increase. Research shows that, the appropriate concentration of flavone can increase the chlorophyll content in the leaf, promote stomatal opening, increase of intracellular CO2 supply, improve leaf photosynthesis efficiency.

Effect of Seed Hardening and Pelleting on Growth, Yield, Physiology and Resultant Seed Quality of Cowpea under Natural Saline Conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sathiyanarayanan ◽  
S. Maamallan ◽  
M. Prakash ◽  
S. Rameshkumar
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Background: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is one of the most important legume crops cultivated throughout the world. Cowpea is used as food, feed, forage, fodder, green manuring and vegetable. It’s seed is a nutritious component in the human diet, as well as for livestock. Seed hardening and pelleting are seed enhancement techniques used to improve seed germination and seedling vigour and growth by altering the physiological state of the seed. This alteration may improve the vigor or the physiology of the seed by enhancing uniformity of germination. Seed enhancement techniques like hardening and priming include use of chemicals that trigger systemic acquired resistance or improve stress tolerance whereas the pelleting treatments improve seed handling and planting. They also enhance nutrient availability or provide inoculates by delivering materials needed during sowing, germination and seedling establishment. Hence in order to study the combined effect of seed hardening and pelleting on growth, yield and resultant seed quality of cowpea under natural saline conditions, the present study was taken up. Methods: The present field and laboratory investigations were carried out to study the effect of seed hardening, seed pelleting and their combined effect on growth, physiology, yield and resultant seed quality of cowpea under natural saline conditions. The fresh seeds of cowpea seeds cv. CO (CP) 7 were hardened with KCl @ 1%, CaCl2 @ 1% and both KCl and CaCl2 @ 1% and then the hardened seeds were further pelleted with pungam leaf powder @ 100, 150 and 200 g kg-1 of seed. Then the treated seeds were evaluated for their seed productivity and resultant seed qualities using untreated seeds as control. Observations on growth, leaf chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, yield and resultant seed quality parameters were recorded. Result: The experimental results revealed that among the treatments, seeds hardened with KCl @ 1 % + CaCl2 @ 1 % and pelleted with pungam leaf powder @ 200 g per kg recorded higher growth, yield parameters, leaf chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters and resultant seed quality when compared to control and other treatments.

scholarly journals Influence of Selenium on Growth, Physiology, and Antioxidant Responses in Maize Varies in a Dose-Dependent Manner

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Munaza Naseem ◽  
Muhammad Anwar-ul-Haq ◽  
Xiukang Wang ◽  
Naila Farooq ◽  
Muhammad Awais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Sodium Selenate ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Exchange Parameters

There is a very narrow margin in selenium deficiency and toxicity although it is an important element for humans, animals, and plants. Effects of selenium (Se) on the growth and physiomorphological parameters in maize were studied grown in soil spiked with sodium selenate (Na2SeO4) in 5 different concentrations (i.e., 0. 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg kg−1). The growth of plants was affected by high Se concentration. However, maximum increases in plant height and root length were observed at low Se (2.5 mg kg−1) which were 17.89 and 23.17%, respectively. At higher Se concentrations (20 mg kg−1), a considerable reduction was observed in dry matter, root length, antioxidant enzymes, and other physiological parameters. The dry matter of plants was also analyzed for nutrient (Fe and Zn) concentrations. Results indicated that Se stress inhibits plant growth. Gas exchange parameters were also found to be decreased under stress conditions, but at a lower Se level (2.5 mg kg−1), improvement in transpiration rate (63.46%), photosynthetic rate (47.47%), and stomatal conductance (54.55%) was observed. The reduction in growth attributes may be due to the high accumulation of Se in roots and the disturbance in gas exchange parameters. However, the principal component analysis revealed that higher Se levels were more hazardous for maize growth and physiological responses as compared to low Se levels.

scholarly journals Effect of drought on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of groundnut genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1478-1487
Author(s):  
K. Manojkumar ◽  
S. Vincent ◽  
M. Raveendran ◽  
R. Anandham ◽  
V. Babu Rajendra Prasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Abiotic Factor ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Ps Ii

Drought is one of the major threats to groundnut productivity, causing a greater loss than any other abiotic factor. Water stress conditions alter plant photosynthetic activity, impacting future growth and assimilating mobilization towards sink tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate how drought impacts the photosynthesis of plants and its links to drought tolerance. The influence of reproductive stage drought on photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll fluorescence of groundnut is well studied. The experiment was conducted in Kharif 2019 (Jul-Sep), where recent series in groundnut genotypes (60 nos) sown under rainfed conditions and water stress was created by withholding irrigation for 20 days between 35-55 days after sowing in the field to simulate drought conditions. Imposition of water deficit stress reduced PS II efficiency, which significantly altered the photosynthetic rate in the leaf. Observation of gas exchange parameters viz., photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate after 20 days of stress imposition revealed that of all 60 genotypes, 20 genotypes (VG 17008, VG 17046VG 18005, VG 18102, VG 18077, VG 19572, VG 19709, VG 18111, VG19561, VG19576, VG 19620, VG 19681, VG 19688, etc.,) had better Photosynthetic rate, Stomatal conductance. Similarly, PS II efficiency analyzed through fluorescence meter revealed that among the 60 and all the genotypes given above recorded higher value in Fv/Fm. Results obtained from Cluster analysis and PCA confirmed that photosynthetic rate and Fv/Fm is useful parameter in screening adapted cultivars under drought stress. These findings lay the groundwork for a future study to decipher the molecular pathways underpinning groundnut drought resistance.

scholarly journals Organization of leaf vascular system and gas exchange in seedlings of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. in different light conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
Marcus Vinicius de Lima Costa ◽  
Pedro Antônio de Lima Félis ◽  
Kelvin Jean Santos Masselani ◽  
Túlio Lopes Marinho Linard ◽  
Luis Alberto Bucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Adaxial Epidermis ◽  
Guazuma Ulmifolia

In tropical forests, different physiological characteristics of leaves in tree species are evidenced by variations in different incident light conditions. We aim to evaluate gas exchange and organization of leaf vascular system in Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. seedlings under different light conditions. Seedlings were obtained from seeds germinated under greenhouse conditions with controlled environment. Ninety days after germination, seedlings in 8kg pots were transferred to the experimental site to allow acclimatization under sun and shade conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two treatments: full sunlight and artificial shading, limiting the luminosity to about 5% of irradiance. Seedlings were maintained under these conditions for 120 days before measuring gas exchange parameters. We measured photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, sub-stomatic CO2 concentration, transpiration, and chlorophyll content. Anatomical analysis measured distance between veins, distance from veins to abaxial epidermis, distance from veins to adaxial epidermis, distance from veins to stomata, total leaf thickness, abaxial epidermis thickness, adaxial epidermis thickness, palisade parenchyma thickness, and spongy parenchyma thickness of foliar gas exchange of G. ulmifolia which presented significant differences between light environments. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were reduced by 78% and 39%, respectively, in shade, while stomatal conductance increased by 31% in full sunlight. Transpiration showed no significant difference between the two treatments, but chlorophyll content was 30% lower in full sunlight. Distance between veins and distance from veins to stomata showed no difference between treatments, but the other parameters increased in full sunlight. Thus, the results showed that the pioneer species G. ulmifolia presented leaf gas exchange acclimated to environments with high luminosity.

scholarly journals Synergism of Pratylenchus penetrans and Verticillium dahliae Manifested by Reduced Gas Exchange in Potato

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim A. M. Saeed ◽  
Ann E. MacGuidwin ◽  
Douglas I. Rouse
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Exchange Parameters

The effects of solitary and concurrent infection by Pratylenchus pene-trans and Verticillium dahliae on gas exchange of Russet Burbank potato (Solanum tuberosum) were studied in growth chamber experiments. Treatments were P. penetrans at low, medium, and high density; V. dahliae alone at one initial density; the combination of the nematode at these three densities and V. dahliae; and a noninfested control. Gas exchange parameters of leaf cohorts of different ages in the different treatments were repeatedly measured with a Li-Cor LI-6200 portable photosynthesis system. At 45 days after planting, joint infection significantly reduced net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration of 1- to 25-day-old leaf cohorts. Intercellular CO2 levels were significantly increased by co-infection, especially in older leaves. The synergistic effect of co-infection on gas exchange parameters was greater in the oldest cohort than in the youngest cohort. No consistent effects on leaf gas exchange parameters were observed in plants infected by the nematode or the fungus alone. The relationship between the assimilation rate and stomatal conductance remained linear regardless of solitary or concomitant infection, indicating that stomatal factors are primarily responsible for regulating photosynthesis. The significant reduction of gas exchange in leaves of co-infected plants without reduction in intercellular CO2 concentrations suggests that nonstomatal factors also play a role when both organisms are present.

scholarly journals Response of Gas Exchange to Leaf Piercing Explained by Piecewise Linear Regression for Two Developmental Forms of Rape Plant (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Metzg)

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
Anna Wenda-Piesik ◽  
Włodzimierz Krzesiński ◽  
Agnieszka Nowak ◽  
Maciej Kazek ◽  
Magdalena Tomaszewska-Sowa
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Piecewise Linear Regression

AbstractOilseed rape (Brassica napusL. ssp.oleiferaMetzg) was the subject of the study in two forms: wintercv. ‘Muller’ (at the rosette stage – the first internode BBCH 30 – 31) and springcv. ‘Feliks’ (at the yellow bud stage BBCH 59). The main gas-exchange parameters, net photosynthetic rate (PN), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and intercellular CO2concentration (Ci) were measured on leaves prior to the piercing and immediately after the short-term piercing. The effect of mechanical wounding revealed different progress of the gas exchange process for the two forms. Piecewise linear regression with the breakpoint estimation showed that the plants at the same age but at a different vegetal stage, manage mechanical leaf-piercing differently. The differences concerned the stomatal conductance and transpiration changes since for rosette leaves the process consisted of five intervals with a uniform direction, while for stem leaves - of five intervals with a fluctuating direction. These parameters got stabilized within a similar time (220 mins) for both forms. The process of net photosynthetic rate was altered by the plant stages. ‘Muller’ plants at the rosette stage demonstrated dependence ofPNon time inlog-linear progression: y (PN) = 8.01 + 2.73 log10(x t2); 7 < t2< 220;R2= 0.96. For stem leaves of ‘Feliks’ plants the process of transpiration, in terms of directions, was convergent with the process of photosynthesis. Those two processes were synchronized from 1stto 114thmin of the test (r= 0.85;p< 0.001) in plants at the rosette stage and from 26thto 148thmin in stem leaves (r= 0.95;p< 0.001).

scholarly journals The Influence of Soil Tillage System on Changes in Gas Exchange Parameters of Pisum sativum L.

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1000
Author(s):  
Jolanta Bojarszczuk
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Intercellular Co2 Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Intercellular Co2 ◽  
Exchange Parameters

A field experiment was carried out in 2017–2019 as a split-plot design with four replicates at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Grabów, Poland. The aim of the study was to compare the gas exchange parameters of the pea depending on the use of different soil tillage systems. Physiological plant parameters as: net photosynthetic rate (PN), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and relative chlorophyll content were measured in three developmental stages. The study have showed that all the measured parameters were affected by the tillage system of the soil. Net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were significantly lower in the treatments, where simplified-tillage was applied. Pea grown in the plough tillage (CT) showed a generally higher rate of net photosynthesis and transpiration rate compared to that of peas grown in the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, but this was dependent on the plant development stage and the weather conditions prevailing in a given year. The highest intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) under different cultivation methods were found in the no-tillage system, regardless of the developmental stage of legumes. The values of determination coefficients showed a positive relationship between the photosynthetic rate and seed yield of the peas tested in all the years of the research. The study also showed that a significantly higher SPAD index was found in the CT tillage system, irrespectively on the developmental stage.

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