Implementing and Evaluating Low Cost Interventions to Improve Latrine Use Among Rural Households in Odisha, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany Caruso ◽  
Thomas Clasen
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Latrine Use

scholarly journals Shifting social norms to reduce open defecation in rural India

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
VARUN GAURI ◽  
TASMIA RAHMAN ◽  
IMAN K. SEN
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Development Interventions ◽  
Latrine Use

Abstract Toilet ownership in India has grown in recent years, but open defecation can persist even when rural households own latrines. There are at least two pathways through which social norms inhibit the use of toilets in rural India: (1) beliefs/expectations that others do not use toilets or latrines or find open defecation unacceptable; and (2) beliefs about ritual notions of purity that dissociate latrines from cleanliness. A survey in Uttar Pradesh, India, finds a positive correlation between latrine use and social norms at baseline. To confront these, an information campaign was piloted to test the effectiveness of rebranding latrine use and promoting positive social norms. The intervention targeted mental models by rebranding latrine use and associating it with cleanliness, and it made information about growing latrine use among latrine owners more salient. Following the intervention, open defecation practices went down across all treatment households, with the average latrine use score in treatment villages increasing by up to 11% relative to baseline. Large improvements were also observed in pro-latrine beliefs. This suggests that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve pro-latrine beliefs and practices, as well as shift perceptions of why many people still find open defecation acceptable. Measuring social norms as described can help diagnose barriers to reducing open defecation, contribute to the quality of large-scale surveys and make development interventions more sustainable.

Low-Cost Solar Water Purifier for Rural Households

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Anil K. Rajvanshi ◽  
Noorie Rajvanshi
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Solar Water

Latrine use among rural households in northern Ethiopia: a case study in Hawzien district, Tigray

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yemane Ashebir ◽  
Hardeep Rai Sharma ◽  
Kassahun Alemu ◽  
Getahun Kebede
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Latrine Use

scholarly journals From Water Source to Tap of Ceramic Filters—Factors That Influence Water Quality Between Collection and Consumption in Rural Households in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regula Meierhofer ◽  
Carola Bänziger ◽  
Sandro Deppeler ◽  
Bal Kunwar ◽  
Madan Bhatta
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Filter Performance ◽  
The Impact

The study assessed changes in water quality between the water source and the tap of locally produced low cost ceramic water filters used by a community living in hygienically critical conditions in a remote mountainous area in Western Nepal. Data was collected from 42 rural households during two visits. The effectiveness of filter handling on its performance was assessed through microbiological analysis, structured household interviews and structured observations. Water quality decreased significantly when source water was filled into transport containers, while the use of the filters improved drinking water quality for about 40% of the households. Highly inadequate filter cleaning practices involving the use of contaminated raw water, hands (geo mean = 110 E. coli CFU/100 mL) and cleaning tools (geo mean = 80 E. coli CFU/100 mL) stained hygienic parts of the filter. The use of boiling water to disinfect the filters was significantly correlated with improved filter performance and should be further promoted. However, even disinfected filters achieved a very low average LRV for E. coli of 0.4 in the field and performed worse than during laboratory tests (LRV for E. coli of 1.5–2). Comprehensive training on adequate filter handling, as well as better filter products, are required to improve the impact of filter use.

scholarly journals Impacts of low-cost interventions to improve latrine use and safe disposal of child faeces in rural Odisha, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany A Caruso ◽  
◽  
Gloria D Sclar ◽  
Parimita Routray ◽  
Corey Nagel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Safe Disposal ◽  
Latrine Use

Decomposition of the metastable beta titanium alloy Ti-15-3

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 264-265
Author(s):  
Y. L. Chen ◽  
S. Fujlshiro
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Alpha Phase ◽  
Thick Sheet ◽  
Omega Phase ◽  
Beta Titanium Alloy ◽  
Beta Titanium ◽  
Beta Matrix ◽  
Metastable Beta ◽  
Very High

Metastable beta titanium alloys have been known to have numerous advantages such as cold formability, high strength, good fracture resistance, deep hardenability, and cost effectiveness. Very high strength is obtainable by precipitation of the hexagonal alpha phase in a bcc beta matrix in these alloys. Precipitation hardening in the metastable beta alloys may also result from the formation of transition phases such as omega phase. Ti-15-3 (Ti-15V- 3Cr-3Al-3Sn) has been developed recently by TIMET and USAF for low cost sheet metal applications. The purpose of the present study was to examine the aging characteristics in this alloy.The composition of the as-received material is: 14.7 V, 3.14 Cr, 3.05 Al, 2.26 Sn, and 0.145 Fe. The beta transus temperature as determined by optical metallographic method was about 770°C. Specimen coupons were prepared from a mill-annealed 1.2 mm thick sheet, and solution treated at 827°C for 2 hr in argon, then water quenched. Aging was also done in argon at temperatures ranging from 316 to 616°C for various times.

Chromic Acid Etching of Polyethylene

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
J. D. Muzzy ◽  
R. D. Hester ◽  
J. L. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acid Etching ◽  
Crystalline Morphology ◽  
Bulk Specimen ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Perfect Form ◽  
Molecular Length ◽  
Lamellar Texture ◽  
Cost Studies

Polyethylene is one of the most important plastics produced today because of its good physical properties, ease of fabrication and low cost. Studies to improve the properties of polyethylene are leading to an understanding of its crystalline morphology. Polyethylene crystallized by evaporation from dilute solutions consists of thin crystals called lamellae. The polyethylene molecules are parallel to the thickness of the lamellae and are folded since the thickness of the lamellae is much less than the molecular length. This lamellar texture persists in less perfect form in polyethylene crystallized from the melt.Morphological studies of melt crystallized polyethylene have been limited due to the difficulty of isolating the microstructure from the bulk specimen without destroying or deforming it.

Glass Knife Geometry as Seen by the SEM

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Stress Concentrations ◽  
Basic Tool ◽  
Tool Materials ◽  
Optical Inspection ◽  
Surface Flaws ◽  
Slip Planes ◽  
Glass Knife ◽  
Diamond Knife

In ultramicrotomy, the two basic tool materials are glass and diamond. Glass because of its low cost and ease of manufacture of the knife itself is still widely used despite the superiority of diamond knives in many applications. Both kinds of knives produce plastic deformation in the microtomed section due to the nature of the cutting process and microscopic chips in the edge of the knife. Because glass has no well defined slip planes in its structure (it's an amorphous material), it is very strong and essentially never fails in compression. However, surface flaws produce stress concentrations which reduce the strength of glass to 10,000 to 20,000 psi from its theoretical or flaw free values of 1 to 2 million psi. While the microchips in the edge of the glass or diamond knife are generally too small to be observed in the SEM, the second common type of defect can be identified. This is the striations (also termed the check marks or feathers) which are always present over the entire edge of a glass knife regardless of whether or not they are visable under optical inspection. These steps in the cutting edge can be observed in the SEM by proper preparation of carefully broken knives and orientation of the knife, with respect to the scanning beam.

Spectraplot: A PC-based spectrum translation and display program

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 918-919
Author(s):  
H. O. Colijn
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Transfer Program ◽  
File Transfer ◽  
Transfer Data ◽  
Error Checking ◽  
Data Files ◽  
The University

Many labs today wish to transfer data between their EDS systems and their existing PCs and minicomputers. Our lab has implemented SpectraPlot, a low- cost PC-based system to allow offline examination and plotting of spectra. We adopted this system in order to make more efficient use of our microscopes and EDS consoles, to provide hardcopy output for an older EDS system, and to allow students to access their data after leaving the university.As shown in Fig. 1, we have three EDS systems (one of which is located in another building) which can store data on 8 inch RT-11 floppy disks. We transfer data from these systems to a DEC MINC computer using “SneakerNet”, which consists of putting on a pair of sneakers and running down the hall. We then use the Hermit file transfer program to download the data files with error checking from the MINC to the PC.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document