Standardization in Tire Modeling and Tire Testing — TYDEX Workgroup, TIME Project

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. M. van Oosten ◽  
H.-J. Unrau ◽  
A. Riedel ◽  
E. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Data ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
International Colloquium ◽  
Vehicle Modeling ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Research Organizations ◽  
Tire Modeling ◽  
Tire Testing ◽  
To Come ◽  
Tire Models

Abstract As a result of the 1st International Colloquium on Tire Models for Vehicle Dynamics Analysis in 1991, the international TYDEX Workshop working group was established. This workshop concentrated on the standardization of the exchange of tire measurement data and the interface between tire and vehicle models in order to improve the communications between vehicle manufacturers, suppliers, and research organizations. The development and knowledge of tire behavior is of great importance to both the tire and vehicle industries and will be intensified. Therefore the TYDEX Workshop received great interest from all parties to come to some kind of standardization. In the two expert groups, one of which focused on Tire Measurements — Tire Modeling and the other on Tire Modeling — Vehicle Modeling, the TYDEX-Format and the standard tire interface have been developed, which will be explained in this paper. Furthermore, a short overview of the European TIME project aiming at a standard tire testing procedure will be given, which is reliable and consistent with realistic driving conditions. Standard testing procedures are some of the important consequences of the TYDEX Workshop.

Tire Lateral Vibration Considerations in Vehicle-Based Tire Testing

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-231
Author(s):  
Anton Albinsson ◽  
Fredrik Bruzelius ◽  
P. Schalk Els ◽  
Bengt Jacobson ◽  
Egbert Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Force ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Tire Force ◽  
Model Parameterization ◽  
Tire Testing ◽  
Suspension Model ◽  
Tire Models

ABSTRACT Vehicle-based tire testing can potentially make it easier to reparametrize tire models for different road surfaces. A passenger car equipped with external sensors was used to measure all input and output signals of the standard tire interface during a ramp steer maneuver at constant velocity. In these measurements, large lateral force vibrations are observed for slip angles above the lateral peak force with clear peaks in the frequency spectrum of the signal at 50 Hz and at multiples of this frequency. These vibrations can lower the average lateral force generated by the tires, and it is therefore important to understand which external factors influence these vibrations. Hence, when using tire models that do not capture these effects, the operating conditions during the testing are important for the accuracy of the tire model in a given maneuver. An Ftire model parameterization of tires used in vehicle-based tire testing is used to investigate these vibrations. A simple suspension model is used together with the tire model to conceptually model the effects of the suspension on the vibrations. The sensitivity of these vibrations to different operating conditions is also investigated together with the influence of the testing procedure and testing equipment (i.e., vehicle and sensors) on the lateral tire force vibrations. Note that the study does not attempt to explain the root cause of these vibrations. The simulation results show that these vibrations can lower the average lateral force generated by the tire for the same operating conditions. The results imply that it is important to consider the lateral tire force vibrations when parameterizing tire models, which does not model these vibrations. Furthermore, the vehicle suspension and operating conditions will change the amplitude of these vibrations and must therefore also be considered in maneuvers in which these vibrations occur.

Development and Design of a Cost-Efficient Tire Mechanics Testing Apparatus

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan J. Chan ◽  
Corina Sandu ◽  
Erin Hissong ◽  
Steve Southward
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Vertical Load ◽  
Test Apparatus ◽  
Current Configuration ◽  
Physical Limitations ◽  
Tire Testing ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Tire Models ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability

Most tire models need experimentally obtained data as input for simulation purposes. The study of tire mechanics requires the accuracy and repeatability of a controlled environment. However, the accessibility and cost of tire testing machines make it prohibitive for exploring tire mechanical properties for academic studies. Moreover, most industrial tire testing machines are designed for general tire testing, and would require an extensive amount of time and resources to adapt for academic research. To study tire mechanical behavior for modeling purposes, a tire mechanics test apparatus has been developed at the Center for Vehicle Systems and Safety (CVeSS), Virginia Tech. The tire mechanics test apparatus has been designed as an interchangeable attachment to an existing modular quarter car test rig developed at the Institute for Advanced Learning and Research (IALR) in Danville, Virginia, to save on cost, as well as to maintain repeatability of testing. The physical limitations of maximum tire vertical load for various tire testing machines are also among the main motivations for developing the tire mechanics test apparatus. The current configuration of the tire mechanics test apparatus provides the capability to study the vertical load - deflection characteristics of the tire, as well as the static footprint of the tire under various vertical loads. Future planned enhancements to the setup include the addition of a soil bin and an instrumented rolling drum for tire shear force studies.

scholarly journals Las pruebas estandarizadas como forma de medición del nivel de inglés en la educación Colombiana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Benavides
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Testing ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
To Come ◽  
Globalized World

This article discusses the importance of standardized testing as a means of assessing learning and determining the level of knowledge and use of foreign languages like English. It is very well known that since the second half of the twentieth century efforts were made in order to come up with valid and reliable measuring instruments for linguistic and communicative competence of a person in foreign languages. This began in the area of field research and ongoing reviewing processes to ensure the quality of testing procedures. Today, in a globalized world with many possibilities for mobility of students, teachers, and researchers standardized tests have been popularized and institutionalized in different countries. Colombia has not been the exception and starting from the beginning of this century the Ministry of Education has implemented the standard promoted by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages which enables standardized measuring levels of English as a foreign language in students, teachers and professionals in general.

FEA Tire Modeling and Validation Techniques

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrsa Marjani ◽  
Moustafa El-Gindy ◽  
David Philipps ◽  
Fredrik Öijer ◽  
Inge Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Vertical Acceleration ◽  
Virtual Model ◽  
Static And Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Modeling Methods ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Tire Modeling ◽  
Tire Models

Recent advances in power and efficiency of computerized modeling methods has made it easier to develop accurate tire models. These newer models are now created with such accuracy that it has become easy to predict the experimental tire’s behavior and characteristics. These models are helpful with determining tire, tire-road, and tire-soil interaction properties. By creating virtual models, the overall capital for research and development can be reduced as well as replacing unavailable experimental tires for research. This research paper mainly focuses on the validation of computer generated FEA tire models which are then used for the prediction of the experimental tire’s rolling resistance, static and dynamic characteristics. Experimental data, such as rolling resistance and vertical acceleration are used in validation simulations in order to tune the virtual model to match the experimental tire’s behavior. The tire that was used for this research is a six-groove 445/50R22.5 FEA truck tire, which was constructed and validated over the course of this research.

Usefulness of Cation Exchange High Performance Liquid Chromatography as a Testing Procedure

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 849-851
Author(s):  
Titus H. J. Huisman
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Isoelectric Focusing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Testing Procedures

Testing of cord blood or newborn blood samples for hemoglobin abnormalities should include clinically important hemoglobinopathies other than sickle cell anemia (SS), such as SC, SD, SO, S-β- thalassemia (thal), EE, SE, and α-thal, and should place the quality of the testing procedures (ie, accuracy of diagnosis) above quantity (ie, number of samples tested over a given period). There is no single method available that is suitable for the identification of each of the numerous abnormalities; thus, at least two, and often more than two, procedures must be used to reach a definitive diagnosis. For this reason, blood samples collected in vacutainers with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as anticoagulant are preferred to those collected on filter papers. The latter approach also has the disadvantage that, under a less than optimal transport system, hemoglobin is readily modified (oxidation, glycosylation, protein-protein interaction), producting extra bands or peaks in electrophoretic or chromatographic separations that interfere with an appropriate identification of various genetically determined hemoglobin variants. In our laboratories, in which hemoglobin identification has been routine for more than 25 years, we consider the following procedures acceptable primary testing methods: starch gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9, cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 8.5 to 8.9, isoelectric focusing, and fast cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The following five methods are excellent confirmatory testing procedures: citrate agar electrophoresis at pH 6.1, cation or anion exchange macrochromatography, isoelectric focusing, cation exchange HPLC, and immunologic procedures. Combinations of these techniques will often lead to acceptable data, and the general approach followed in our institute is given in Fig 1. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis at alkaline pH is still the primary testing procedure, and citrate agar electrophoresis at pH 6.1 and micro-HPLC procedures are the main confirmatory methods.

Testing Procedures on Materials to Formulate the Ink for 3D Printing

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malo Charrier ◽  
Claudiane Ouellet-Plamondon
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Cement Pastes ◽  
Slump Test ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Printing Ink

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been used in various fields to tackle applications difficult for conventional manufacturing. To realize the full potential of this technology in the transportation sector, it is imperative to identify suitable tests and mixtures for printing “inks” made of mortar. In this study, several conventional and non-conventional tests on mortars and cement pastes were conducted. This work highlights the correlation between the results of slump test and the deformation test that indicates the comportment of the mixture under a stack of printed layers. Moreover, a strong connection between yield stress and mini-slump is observed, demonstrating a simplification of the testing procedure, and a link between the mortar and the cement paste is developed. In the printing ink design phase, this association enables the prediction of flowability. The yield stress and the final radius of the mini-slump tests were very well correlated for the admixture tested. The use of the mini-slump test simplifies the testing procedure and allows for quicker formulations of admixtures in the printing ink.

ACCELERATED DURABILITY TESTING AND DATA ANALYSIS FOR PRODUCTS WITH MULTIPLE FAILURE MECHANISMS

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (06) ◽  
pp. 1240003 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZHIGANG WEI ◽  
SHENGBIN (BURT) LIN ◽  
LIMIN LUO ◽  
FULUN YANG ◽  
DMITRI KONSON
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Cyclic Fatigue ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Accelerated Testing ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Multiple Failure Modes ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Design Engineers ◽  
Reliability Performance

Durability and reliability performance is one of the most important concerns of ground vehicle systems, which usually experience cyclic fatigue loadings and eventually fail over time. Creep and oxidation caused damages at elevated temperature conditions further shorten the life of a system and make the life assessment even more complex. One of the key challenges posed to design engineers is to find a way to accelerate the durability tests for products with multiple failure modes and to validate designs within development cycle to satisfy customer's and market's requirements. The accelerated testing procedures for products with single failure modes have been studied for several decades and essentially well established even though some fundamental issues are still unsolved. By contrast, much is needed to do for the accelerated testing procedure of products with multiple failure modes and their interactions. In this paper, a new accelerated testing and data analysis procedure suitable for products with linear homoscedastic data pattern is proposed. Examples related to durability life of high temperature components with single failure modes such as fatigue, creep, and oxidation are provided to demonstrate the procedure developed. Durability life assessment of components with multiple failure modes is also investigated and demonstrated with creep-fatigue and fatigue-oxidation damage analyses.

An Innovative Technique for Bi-Material Interface Toughness Research

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Jy-An Wang ◽  
Ian G. Wright ◽  
Ken C. Liu ◽  
Roy L. Xu
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Fracture Mechanics ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Interface Fracture ◽  
Fracture Toughness Test ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Interface Fracture Toughness

A material configuration of central importance in microelectronics, optoelectronics, and thermal barrier coating technology is a thin film of one material deposited onto a substrate of a different material. Fabrication of such a structure inevitably gives rise to stress in the film due to lattice mismatch, differing coefficient of thermal expansion, chemical reactions, or other physical effects. Therefore, in general, the weakest link in this composite system often resides at the interface between the thin film and substrate. In order to make multi-layered electronic devices and structural composites with long-term reliability, the fracture behavior of the material interfaces must be known. Unfortunately, none of the state-of-the-art testing methods for evaluating interface fracture toughness is fully conformed to fracture mechanics theory, as is evident from the severe scatter in the existing data, and the procedure dependence in thin film/coating evaluation methods. This project is intended to address the problems associated with this deficiency and offers an innovative testing procedure for the determination of interface fracture toughness applicable to thin coating materials in general. Phase I of this new approach and the associated bi-material fracture mechanics development proposed for evaluating interface fracture toughness are described herein. The effort includes development of specimen configuration and related instrumentation set-up, testing procedures, and postmortem examination. A spiral notch torsion fracture toughness test (SNTT) system was utilized. The objectives of the testing procedure described are to enable the development of new coating materials by providing a reliable method for use in assessing their performance.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Equivalence of Low-Cost Sensors with the Reference Method in Measuring PM10 Concentration Using Selected Correction Functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5368
Author(s):  
Tomasz Owczarek ◽  
Mariusz Rogulski ◽  
Piotr O. Czechowski
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Equivalence Testing ◽  
Good Ability

The aim of the work is to demonstrate the possibility of building models to correct the results of measurements of particulate matter PM10 concentrations obtained using low-cost devices. Such devices apply the optical method to values comparable with those obtained using the reference gravimetric method. An additional goal is to show that the results corrected in this way can be used to carry out the procedure for testing equivalence of these methods. The study used generalized regression models (GRMs) to construct corrective functions. The constructed models were assessed using the coefficients of determination and the methodology of calculating the measurement uncertainty of the device. Measurement data from the two tested devices and the reference method were used to estimate model parameters. The measurement data were collected on a daily basis from 1 February to 30 June 2018 in Nowy Sącz. Regression allowed building multiple models with various functional forms and very promising statistical properties as well as good ability to describe the variability of reference measurements. These models also had very low values of measurement uncertainty. Of all the models constructed, a linear model using the original PM10 concentrations from the tested devices, air humidity, and wind speed was chosen as the most accurate and simplest model. Apart from the coefficient of determination, expanded relative uncertainty served as the measure of quality of the obtained model. Its small value, much lower than 25%, indicates that after correcting the results it is possible to carry out the equivalence testing procedure for the low-cost devices and confirm the equivalence of the tested method with the reference method.

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