scholarly journals Penetration of Hydrogen Peroxide and Degradation Rate of Different Bleaching Products

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
FC Marson ◽  
RS Gonçalves ◽  
CO Silva ◽  
LTÂ Cintra ◽  
RC Pascotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽  
Acetate Buffer Solution ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
Bleaching Gels

SUMMARY This study's aim was to evaluate the degradation rate of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to quantify its penetration in tooth structure, considering the residence time of bleaching products on the dental enamel. For this study, bovine teeth were randomly divided according to the bleaching product received: Opalescence Xtra Boost 38%, White Gold Office 35%, Whiteness HP Blue 35%, Whiteness HP Maxx 35%, and Lase Peroxide Sensy 35%. To analyze the degradation of H2O2, the titration of bleaching agents with potassium permanganate was used, while the penetration of H2O2 was measured via spectrophotometric analysis of the acetate buffer solution, collected from the artificial pulp chamber. The analyses were performed immediately as well as 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 45 minutes after product application. The data of degradation rate of H2O2 were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests, while ANOVA and Fisher tests were used for the quantification of H2O2, at the 5% level. The results showed that all products significantly reduced the concentration of H2O2 activates at the end of 45 minutes. It was also verified that the penetration of H2O2 was enhanced by increasing the residence time of the product on the tooth surface. It was concluded that the bleaching gels retained substantial concentrations of H2O2 after 45 minutes of application, and penetration of H2O2 in the dental structure is time-dependent.

scholarly journals Initial and pulp chamber concentration of hydrogen peroxide using different bleaching products

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibelli Olivieri Parreiras ◽  
Michael Willian Favoreto ◽  
Gustavo Pereira Cruz ◽  
Anderson Gomes ◽  
Christiane Philippini Ferreira Borges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽  
Tooth Bleaching ◽  
Acetate Buffer Solution ◽  
Pulp Chamber ◽  
Carbamide Peroxide ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective: This study’s aim was to quantify the hydrogen peroxide (HP) penetration into the pulp chamber of teeth submitted to different protocols of bleaching. Material and Methods: Ninety premolars were randomly divided into nine groups according to the bleaching agent protocol (n = 10): control (no bleaching), carbamide peroxide 10% [10% CP], carbamide peroxide 16% [16% CP], carbamide peroxide 22% [22% CP], hydrogen peroxide 4% [4% HP], hydrogen peroxide 6% [6% HP], hydrogen peroxide 7.5% [7.5% HP], hydrogen peroxide 10% [10% HP] and hydrogen peroxide 35% [35% HP]. The penetration of HP was measured via spectrophotometric analysis of the acetate buffer solution from the pulp chamber. The absorbance of the resulting solution was determined in a spectrophotometer and converted into equivalent concentration of HP (μg/ mL). To analyze the concentration of HP, the titration of bleaching agents with potassium permanganate was used. Data were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey’s test for pairwise comparison (α = 0.05). Results: Higher concentration of HP in the pulp chamber was found in the HP 35% group (p < 0.0001). No significant difference between at-home protocols were observed (p = 0.64). Titration values showed that the concentration of the products was similar to that claimed by the manufacturer. Conclusion: It follows that the amount of HP that reaches the pulp chamber is not proportional to the concentration of whitening gels, but depends on the application time recommended by the manufacturers.KEYWORDSAt-home bleaching; Dental enamel permeability; Inoffice bleaching; Tooth bleaching. 

Effect of Calcium and Fluoride Addition to Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching Gel On Tooth Diffusion, Color, and Microhardness

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
CRG Torres ◽  
RF Zanatta ◽  
TJ Silva ◽  
AB Borges
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Calcium Gluconate ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Acetate Buffer Solution ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
Peroxide Bleaching ◽  
Fluoride Addition

SUMMARY Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium and fluoride addition to a 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) bleaching gel with regard to its diffusion through the tooth structure, enamel microhardness, and bleaching efficacy. Methods and Materials: Eighty specimens (6 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height; 1 mm/enamel and 1 mm/dentin) were obtained from bovine incisors that were polished and divided into four groups (n=20) according to the remineralizing agent added to the gel: Ca = 0.5% calcium gluconate; F = 0.2% sodium fluoride; Ca+F = 0.5% calcium gluconate and 0.2% sodium fluoride; and control = no agent. Initial microhardness and color were assessed. The samples were positioned over simulated pulpal chambers filled with acetate buffer solution to capture the HP. Gels were applied over enamel for 30 minutes, and HP diffusion was assessed by spectrophotometry two hours after bleaching. Microhardness was measured immediately after bleaching and then the specimens were immersed into artificial saliva for seven days for final color assessment. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey test. Results: Bleaching reduced microhardness for all groups (p=0.0001), but the Ca+F and F groups showed lower reductions after bleaching. The addition of Ca, F, and Ca+F decreased the peroxide penetration through the tooth structure (p=0.0001), but there were no differences in color change for ΔL (p=0.357), Δa (p=0.061), Δb (p=0.823), and ΔE (p=0.581). Conclusion: The addition of calcium and fluoride in the gel did not affect bleaching efficacy, but it was able to reduce both the peroxide diffusion and the bleached enamel microhardness loss.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DENTAL ENAMEL DURING PROFESSIONAL WHITENING USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
A.V. Dvornyk ◽  
Z.Yu. Nazarenko ◽  
L.I. Lyashenko ◽  
I.M. Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Chemical Component ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Dental Tissues ◽  
Structural Resistance ◽  
Hard Dental Tissues ◽  
The Right

Teeth whitening is a way to restore the natural colour of teeth with applying a chemical agent that oxidizes the organic pigments of the hard dental tissues. Teeth whitening has become one of the most frequently requested dental procedures among the population. The public demands whiter, more perfect smiles, and many teeth whitening options have been made in response. To assess the changes occurring in the hard dental tissues, and, in particular, in the enamel, it is necessary to study the chemical structure of the teeth and determine the number of elements in the enamel to predict the whitening procedure outcomes and make adjustments in post-procedural care. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the chemical composition of the dental enamel surface after the procedure of professional hygiene and the use of 35% hydrogen peroxide for teeth whitening as the main chemical component of the whitening system. To study the trace element composition of the dental enamel, the tooth surface was segmented into areas for microanalysis. The peculiarity consisted in that the studied areas differed from the right and left sides of the tooth, because the left side in the studied teeth was the control area, and the right side allowed us to compare and contrast the chemical component of enamel in each tooth separately, by comparing the findings. The results obtained have demonstrated that there is a change in the chemical composition of the enamel in the studied teeth. The change in chemical composition indicators significantly affects the change in clinical indicators, and the strength of clinical manifestations will depend on the features of functional and structural resistance of the dental enamel. We can state that changing in the number of elements can lead to increased sensitivity during the rehabilitation period throughout which the chemical composition of the dental enamel restores.

Quantification of Peroxide Ion Passage in Dentin, Enamel, and Cementum After Internal Bleaching With Hydrogen Peroxide

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 660-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Palo ◽  
I Bonetti-Filho ◽  
MC Valera ◽  
CHR Camargo ◽  
SEA Camargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Acetate Buffer Solution ◽  
Bleaching Agent ◽  
Pulp Chamber ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Exposed Area ◽  
Blue Solution ◽  
Nail Varnish

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of peroxide passage from the pulp chamber to the external enamel surface during the internal bleaching technique. Fifty bovine teeth were sectioned transversally 5 mm below the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ), and the remaining part of the root was sealed with a 2-mm layer of glass ionomer cement. The external surface of the samples was coated with nail varnish, with the exception of standardized circular areas (6-mm diameter) located on the enamel, exposed dentin, or cementum surface of the tooth. The teeth were divided into three experimental groups according to exposed areas close to the CEJ and into two control groups (n=10/group), as follows: GE, enamel exposure area; GC, cementum exposed area; GD, dentin exposed area; Negative control, no presence of internal bleaching agent and uncoated surface; and Positive control, pulp chamber filled with bleaching agent and external surface totally coated with nail varnish. The pulp chamber was filled with 35% hydrogen peroxide (Opalescence Endo, Ultradent). Each sample was placed inside of individual flasks with 1000 μL of acetate buffer solution, 2 M (pH 4.5). After seven days, the buffer solution was transferred to a glass tube, in which 100 μL of leuco-crystal violet and 50 μL of horseradish peroxidase were added, producing a blue solution. The optical density of the blue solution was determined by spectrophotometer and converted into microgram equivalents of hydrogen peroxide. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn-Bonferroni tests (α=0.05). All experimental groups presented passage of peroxide to the external surface that was statistically different from that observed in the control groups. It was verified that the passage of peroxide was higher in GD than in GE (p&lt;0.01). The GC group presented a significantly lower peroxide passage than did GD and GE (p&lt;0.01). It can be concluded that the hydrogen peroxide placed into the pulp chamber passed through the dental hard tissues, reaching the external surface and the periodontal tissue. The cementum surface was less permeable than were the dentin and enamel surfaces.

scholarly journals Transenamel and Transdentinal Penetration of Hydrogen Peroxide Applied to Cracked or Microabrasioned Enamel

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALF Briso ◽  
APB Lima ◽  
RS Gonçalves ◽  
MO Gallinari ◽  
PH dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Acetate Buffer Solution ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Tooth Whitening ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Leucocrystal Violet ◽  
Peroxidase Enzyme ◽  
Visible Reflectance

SUMMARY The present study evaluated transenamel and transdentinal penetration of hydrogen peroxide during tooth whitening recognized in altered enamel by the presence of cracks or microabrasion. We used 72 experimental units (n=20) obtained from bovine incisors: GI-sound enamel; GII-teeth showing visible enamel cracks (4 mm to 5.7 mm in length); and GIII-microabrasioned enamel. The 12 remaining specimens were used to analyze the enamel surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy. The specimens were cylindrical and 5.7 mm in diameter and 3.5 mm thick. A product based on 35% hydrogen peroxide was used for bleaching, following the manufacturer's recommendations for use. To quantify the H2O2 penetration, the specimens were placed in artificial pulp chambers containing an acetate buffer solution. After bleaching, the solution was collected and adequately proportioned with leucocrystal violet, peroxidase enzyme, and deionized water. The resulting solution was evaluated using ultraviolet visible reflectance spectrophotometer equipment. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's PLSD at a significance level of 0.05, and significant differences in the penetration of peroxide in different substrate conditions were observed (p&lt;0.0001). The penetration of hydrogen peroxide was more intense in cracked teeth. The group in which the enamel was microabraded showed intermediate values when compared to the control group. Microabrasion and the presence of cracks in the enamel make this substrate more susceptible to penetration of hydrogen peroxide during in-office whitening.

scholarly journals Demineralization and Hydrogen Peroxide Penetration in Teeth with Incipient Lesions

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Luiz Fraga Briso ◽  
Rafael Simões Gonçalves ◽  
Fernanda Bernardi da Costa ◽  
Marjorie de Oliveira Gallinari ◽  
Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Acetate Buffer Solution ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Demineralized Enamel ◽  
Enamel Mineralization ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Bleaching Treatment

The aim of this study was to evaluate the demineralization and hydrogen peroxide (HP) penetration in teeth with incipient lesions submitted to bleaching treatment. For analysis of HP penetration, sound and demineralized enamel/dentin discs were placed in artificial pulp chambers containing acetate buffer solution. After bleaching treatment, this solution was subjected for analysis of optical density by spectrophotometry and the disc surfaces were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The remaining discs were subjected for cross-sectional hardness analysis at different depths. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and PLSD Fisher test (a=0.05). It was observed that previously demineralized teeth showed greater HP penetration (p<0.05). The bleaching treatment caused changes to a depth of 20 µm in sound enamel and up to 90 µm in demineralized enamel. SEM and PLM images revealed that the bleaching treatment caused superficial changes that were considerably more accentuated in previously demineralized teeth. It may be concluded that the enamel mineralization level influences HP penetration and the bleaching agent contributed to increase the demineralization depth.

Effects of the Concentration and Composition of In-office Bleaching Gels on Hydrogen Peroxide Penetration into the Pulp Chamber

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. E76-E82 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Mena-Serrano ◽  
SO Parreiras ◽  
EMS do Nascimento ◽  
CPF Borges ◽  
SB Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Acetate Buffer Solution ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pulp Chamber ◽  
Pulp Tissue ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Bleaching Procedure ◽  
Blue Solution

SUMMARY In tooth whitening, the hydrogen peroxide (HP) diffuses in the enamel and dentin, reaching the pulp. This in vitro study aimed to quantify the penetration of HP in the pulp chamber in teeth submitted to bleaching agents of different concentrations of HP without calcium (HP 20% [20CF], HP 35% [35CF]) and with calcium (HP 20% [20CC], HP 35% [35CC]). Method Fifty human premolars were sectioned 3 mm from the cemento-enamel junction and the pulp tissue was removed. The teeth were divided into five groups according to treatment and with a control group (n=10). An acetate buffer solution was placed in the pulp chamber of all teeth. The control group was exposed only to distilled water, while the other groups were treated with a bleaching procedure, according to the manufacturer's recommendations. After treatment, the acetate buffer solution was transferred to a glass tube in which leuco-crystal violet and peroxidase solutions were added, resulting in a blue solution. The optical density of this blue solution was determined spectrophotometrically and converted into micrograms equivalent to the HP. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey tests (α=0.05). Results The HP concentration did not affect the HP inside the pulp chamber, but the presence of calcium significantly reduced it (p&lt;0.0001). Conclusion The amount of HP that reaches the pulp chamber depends on the bleaching protocol and the product employed, and it seems to be less affected by HP concentration.

Effect of Adhesive Restoration and Bleaching Technique on the Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide In the Pulp Chamber

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. E44-E54 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Cavalli ◽  
BG Silva ◽  
SB Berger ◽  
G Abuna ◽  
FC Marson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Acetate Buffer Solution ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Light Activation ◽  
Pulp Chamber ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Halogen Light

SUMMARY This study aimed to quantify the concentration of hydrogen peroxide into the pulp chamber in the presence or absence of adhesive enamel restorations and to analyze the resin-dentin interface of bleached groups. Bovine incisors (120) were randomly divided into three groups according to enamel treatment (n=40 each): (1) enamel without restoration (control); (2) enamel cavities (3 mm diameter × 1.5 mm depth) restored with a silorane-based (SB) system; or (3) enamel cavities (3 mm diameter × 1.5 mm depth) restored with a dimethacrylate-based (DB) system. Restorations were thermocycled, and all groups were submitted to one application of 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) agent for 45 minutes and subjected to four light activation methods (n=10 each): without light, light-emitting diode (LED), LED/diode laser, or halogen light. Acetate buffer solution was placed into the pulp chamber before bleaching, and this solution was collected to spectrophotometrically determine the concentration of HP that reached the pulp chamber after bleaching. Rhodamine B was added to the HP agent and applied on additional enamel samples of each group for 24 hours. Samples were sectioned mesiodistally, and the bleaching agent was traced using confocal microscopy. According to two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α=0.05), the HP concentration in the pulp chamber of the control group was significantly lower than that of the SB group (p&lt;0.05), regardless of light activation. No differences were observed between DB and SB groups and between control and DB groups, except for the DB halogen light activated group, which exhibited higher HP intrapulpal concentration (p&lt;0.05). Confocal microscopy exhibited HP diffusion through the interface of the SB and DB restored groups as well as enamel prisms in the control group. The SB restorative system increased the HP diffusion into the pulp chamber, but HP was able to diffuse even in the absence of enamel restorations.

scholarly journals Effect of Dental Pigmentation Intensity on the Transenamel and Transdentinal Penetration of Hydrogen Peroxide

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janaina Cardoso Moreira ◽  
Marjorie de Oliveira Gallinari ◽  
Vanessa Rahal ◽  
Ticiane Cestari Fagundes ◽  
Paulo Henrique dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acetate Buffer Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Bleaching Agent ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Peroxidase Enzyme ◽  
Bleaching Treatment

Abastract This study aimed to evaluate the transenamel and transdentinal penetration of hydrogen peroxide (H202) applied to bovine teeth pigmented with black tea at different intensities. The following groups were formed DW: immersion in distilled water; BT100: immersion in an infusion of 1.6 g of black tea per 100 mL distilled water; BT10: immersion in an infusion of 1.6 g black tea per 10 mL distilled water. All groups were immersed for 6 days. To quantify the penetration of H202, the specimens were placed in artificial pulp chambers (APCs) and subjected to bleaching treatment with 38% H2O2 once per week for 3 weeks. After bleaching treatment, the acetate buffer solution of APCs with peroxidase enzyme was evaluated in a reflection spectrophotometer. The transenamel and transdentinal penetration of H2O2 and the L* values obtained at T1, T2 and T3 were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman statistical tests. At T1, the H2O2 diffusion in DW was higher than that in BT100 and BT10. At the other evaluation times, the penetration values in BT100 and BT10 increased and remained similar. The L* values increased significantly in all groups at T1. At T2, the L* values were higher in DW, while the values in BT100 and BT10 were similar to each other. At the end of the experiment, BT10 showed the lowest L* values. The pigmentation level did not affect the penetration of H2O2 through the enamel and dentin and the bleaching agent effectively changed the color of the teeth.

scholarly journals A Comparative Evaluation of Nanohydroxyapatite-Enriched Hydrogen Peroxide Home Bleaching System on Color, Hardness and Microstructure of Dental Enamel

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3072
Author(s):  
Riccardo Monterubbianesi ◽  
Vincenzo Tosco ◽  
Tiziano Bellezze ◽  
Giampaolo Giuliani ◽  
Mutlu Özcan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Color Analysis ◽  
Enamel Microstructure ◽  
Prismatic Structure ◽  
20 Nm

This study aimed to evaluate two hydrogen peroxide (HP)-based at-home bleaching systems in order to analyze whether nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) addition may represent a reliable and safe solution for tooth whitening without altering dental microstructure and hardness. Human third molars (N = 15) were treated with two bleaching agents, one containing 6%HP (6HP) and the other 6% HP nHA-enriched (6HP-nHA) with average particle diameter ranging from 5–20 nm. Their effects on enamel were assessed using a spectrophotometer, Vickers microhardness (VMH) test and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), comparing the treated groups with the non-treated control group (CTR). Color analysis revealed improvement in whiteness in both groups compared to CTR. VMH test results showed no differences among the groups. SEM analysis highlighted no evident changes in the enamel microstructure of tested groups compared to CTR. At high magnification, in 6HP group, a slight increase in irregularities of enamel surface morphology was observed, while 6HP-nHA group displayed removal of the aprismatic layer but preservation of the intact prismatic structure. These results suggest that the 6HP-nHA agent may be recommended to provide reliable whitening treatment, without damaging the enamel micromorphology and hardness.

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