scholarly journals Clinical Studies on the General Anesthesia in the Dog

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Hitoshi IFUKUBE
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Clinical Studies

Is Childhood General Anesthesia Exposure An Etiological Contributor to Cognitive Impairment?

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-259
Author(s):  
Yi Tian ◽  
Peiyu Liu ◽  
Weisong Liu ◽  
Qiaojing Xu ◽  
Xiangkun Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Invasive Procedures ◽  
Immature Brain

General anesthesia is necessary for patients to undergo surgery and invasive procedures. However, numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated widespread developmental neurotoxicity of the commonly used anesthetics and sedatives for the immature brain. Clinical studies also suggest a strong correlation between childhood anesthesia exposure and subsequent behavioral or cognitive impairment in adulthood. These findings have attracted increasing attention of anesthesiologists, pediatricians, and caregivers about the safety of anesthesia exposure in children, especially during early childhood. Herein, the aim of this review was to present the molecular mechanism of general anesthesia and its effects on the developing brain and introduce the recent clinical evidence of changes in cognition function post-childhood general anesthesia exposure. More importantly, some of the spots will be importantly discussed to scrutinize the phenomena; only in this way, it may help minimize or eliminate relevant risk factors.

scholarly journals General anesthesia affecting on developing brain: evidence from animal to clinical research

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 765-772
Author(s):  
Xinyue Liu ◽  
Jing Ji ◽  
Guo-Qing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Developing Brain ◽  
Human Studies

Abstract As the recent update of General anaesthesia compared to spinal anaesthesia (GAS) studies has been published in 2019, together with other clinical evidence, the human studies provided an overwhelming mixed evidence of an association between anaesthesia exposure in early childhood and later neurodevelopment changes in children. Pre-clinical studies in animals provided strong evidence on how anaesthetic and sedative agents (ASAs) causing neurotoxicity in developing brain and deficits in long-term cognitive functions. However pre-clinical results cannot translate to clinical practice directly. Three well designed large population-based human studies strongly indicated that a single brief exposure to general anesthesia (GAs) is not associated with any long-term neurodevelopment deficits in children’s brain. Multiple exposure might cause decrease in processing speed and motor skills of children. However, the association between GAs and neurodevelopment in children is still inconclusive. More clinical studies with larger scale observations, randomized trials with longer duration exposure of GAs and follow-ups, more sensitive outcome measurements, and strict confounder controls are needed in the future to provide more conclusive and informative data. New research area has been developed to contribute in finding solutions for clinical practice as attenuating the neurotoxic effect of ASAs. Xenon and Dexmedetomidine are already used in clinical setting as neuroprotection and anaesthetic sparing-effect, but more research is still needed.

Clinical Studies in Human Strongyloidiasis

1950 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies
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