Monetary Incentives, Feedback, and Recognition—Complements or Substitutes? Evidence from a Field Experiment in a Retail Services Company

2015 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia M Lourenço
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Social Esteem ◽  
Retail Services ◽  
Main Effects

ABSTRACT This study investigates the performance effects of the combined use of three reinforcers, or incentive motivators, commonly used by companies: monetary incentives, feedback, and recognition. Using a field experiment in a retail services company, I test whether these incentives, which appeal to diverse motivation mechanisms—tangible payoffs, self-regulation, and social esteem—and, hence, have different utilities, are complements or substitutes. The results of the hard performance data collected, in the form of a ratio of sales relative to goals, show that monetary incentives and recognition are substitutes, while feedback is independent of the other incentives. The negative interaction between monetary incentives and recognition is evidence of crowding out between tangible payoffs and social esteem motivations. Individually, these two incentives have a positive impact on performance of about 13 percentage points, which corresponds to a 32.5 percent performance increase. Feedback interactions and main effects are not statistically significant, which suggests that, in this setting, providing feedback in the form of knowledge of results has no impact.

The influence of herbicides on the indicators of the structure of the seeds of soybean in the conditions of the central regions of the Non-black earth zone.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.K. Khramoy ◽  
◽  
Т. D. Sikharulidze
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Yield Structure ◽  
Number Of Seeds

In a field experiment, it was established that of the three herbicides we studied in soybean crops, Dual Gold is the most effective. Its use increases, in comparison with the control, the number of beans per plant by 2.2 times, the number of seeds by 2.4 times, and the mass of seeds by 2.9 times. The least efficient is Fabian. In terms of most indicators of the yield structure, it is reliably inferior to Dual Gold. Zenkor is slightly inferior in efficiency to Dual Gold. The differences between them are not reliable. High efficiency (at the level of Dual Gold) was shown by the combined use of Zenkor and Fabian herbicides in doses reduced by 20%.

scholarly journals Locally Available Organic Waste for Counteracting Strawberry Decline in a Mountain Specialized Cropping Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3964
Author(s):  
Sebastian Soppelsa ◽  
Luisa Maria Manici ◽  
Francesco Caputo ◽  
Massimo Zago ◽  
Markus Kelderer
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Anaerobic Digestate ◽  
Phytotoxic Effects

Crop decline caused by soil borne fungal pathogens affects specialized cropping systems such as fruit trees and strawberry. A study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of pre-plant application of waste-derived biomasses in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) to reduce that phenomenon. A field experiment was carried out in an alpine strawberry specialized valley in South Tyrol (Italy), in a long term cultivated field selected for yield reduction over recent years. In July 2018, one month before strawberry transplanting, a field experiment with four soil treatments was set up: anaerobic digestate (solid fraction) of liquid manure, compost from anaerobic digestate of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), untreated control and Dazomet as chemical control. Plants were grown for two cycles (2019 and 2020). Dazomet always gave a significant (over 50%) increase in marketable yield per plant in both the years, anaerobic digestates did not improve strawberry production; compost from OFMSW gave phytotoxic effects in the first year, but improved strawberry yield like Dazomet in the second. Changes of rhizosphere bacterial populations and difference in root pathogen abundance, especially that of Dactylonectria torresensis, were correlated to the crop response to treatments. Findings suggest that waste-derived biomasses are a promising eco-friendly option for counteracting strawberry yield decline. Their positive impact was mostly linked to functional improvements induced by microbial variations. However, the use of such organic amendment requires careful evaluation of composition, doses and above all application times to reduce phytotoxic effects that in some cases can occur in the first months after application.

scholarly journals Use of New BTH Derivative as Supplement or Substitute of Standard Fungicidal Program in Strawberry Cultivation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1031
Author(s):  
Maciej Spychalski ◽  
Rafal Kukawka ◽  
Włodzimierz Krzesiński ◽  
Tomasz Spiżewski ◽  
Monika Michalecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Amide Derivative ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The Impact

Triggering the plant resistance induction phenomenon by chemical compounds, for example acibenzolar-S-methyl ester, has been known and described in scientific literature. Other benzothadiazole derivatives have been also described; however, their properties have not been sufficiently studied. The tested substance, N-methyl-N-methoxyamide-7-carboxybenzo(1.2.3)thiadiazole (BTHWA), is an amide derivative of benzothiadiazole, showing a stimulating effect on plant growth, apart from its plant resistance inducing activity. This article presents the impact of BTHWA, used solo and in the program with fungicides, on the strawberry plants development, fruits health, yield, and quality parameters of the crop. The results show that the combined use of BTHWA and fungicides had a positive impact on the plants health and fruit health and nutraceutical and nutritional composition of compounds when compared to the results obtained when strawberries were treated only with the BTHWA or the fungicide. As a result of BTHWA use, the partitioning of assimilates has changed, which directly translated into the results of the conducted experiments. A reduction in the respiration of the fruit during storage was also observed, possibly due to a reduced disease infestation and a lower dry matter content in the fruit. A correlation between the parameters determined during the experiment was found. The BTHWA mode of action was evidenced to be beneficial to strawberry plants and fruit.

Call Me Back: Examining Provider Biases Through Callback Rates and Responsiveness

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 958-986
Author(s):  
Wei-Chin Hwang ◽  
Courtney P. Chan ◽  
Ken A. Fujimoto
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Cultural Competency ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Health Maintenance Organization ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Substance Abuse Disorders ◽  
Main Effects

We conducted a phone-based field experiment to investigate the callback rate of psychologists. Providers ( N = 903) in Los Angeles, California who were selected from a health maintenance organization insurance panel list were left voicemails by actors simulating patients of various backgrounds (i.e., race, gender, clinical diagnosis, and ethnic distinctiveness of name). Findings indicated that 71.5% of providers did not return calls to prospective patients. There were no main effects of race and ethnicity on callback. However, ethnic distinctiveness of name moderated the effects of diagnosis. Providers were more responsive to depressed patients with ethnic names, but less responsive to patients with ethnic names and personality or substance abuse disorders. These findings are important because unresponsive providers and insurance companies that do not provide up-to-date panel listings can act as barriers to care, which can have deleterious consequences for help-seekers. Advocacy recommendations and the importance of cultural competency are highlighted.

Empowerment in service recovery: the role of self-regulation process of frontline employee

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 828-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mo Zhang ◽  
Ruoqi Geng
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Exhaustion ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Service Failure ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Service Recovery ◽  
Job Engagement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Regulation Process ◽  
Recovery Satisfaction ◽  
The Impact

Purpose In accordance with the commitment–trust theory, employee attitudes and behaviours mediate the impact of empowerment on service recovery performance. The purpose of this paper is to extend the self-regulating process model and develop a structural framework that combines empowerment, self-regulation mechanisms (service recovery awareness, job engagement and emotional exhaustion) and post-recovery satisfaction. This framework explores how empowerment can lead to action of frontline employees (FLEs) in service recovery. Design/methodology/approach The authors test the hypotheses by investigating 290 pairs of FLEs and customers, who have service failure experience in the express mail industry, using structure equation modelling. Findings The findings show that empowerment enhances both service recovery awareness and job engagement. On the one hand, service recovery awareness has a positive impact on emotional exhaustion, which has a negative impact on post-recovery satisfaction. On the other hand, job engagement has a positive impact on performance. These results provide the whole picture of the double-edged effects of empowerment on FLEs in service recovery. Practical implications This paper indicates that managers should re-consider approaches to empowerment based on self-regulation process to enhance performance following service failure. Originality/value This study explores the dark side of empowerment in service recovery from a self-regulation perspective.

A Factor Interactive Investigation of Mail Survey Response Rates from a Commercial Population

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton M. Pressley ◽  
William L. Tullar
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Commercial Population ◽  
Main Effects

The results of a factorial experiment showed that a 10¢ incentive significantly increased the response rate from the commercial population surveyed by mail. No significant main effects were noted for the other factors tested, questionnaire color and cartoon illustrations included on the questionnaire. No significant interactive effects were found. The results of this investigation, in combination with those of earlier investigations, support the hypothesis that the importance of monetary inducements stems primarily from the psychological impact of receiving money (as opposed to the monetary value itself). Thus the hypothesis can be generalized with greater confidence to commercial populations. However, the results imply that there apparently is a threshold value for increasing response with monetary incentives which is lower for commercial populations (10¢) than it is for general public populations (25¢).

Some Factors Influencing Vision through Meshes

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian R. Hill ◽  
Thomas A. Markus
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
First Order ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Landolt Ring ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Window Screening

The problems associated with vision through mesh window screening materials are discussed and a laboratory experiment using a 1/8th replicate 2th factorial design is described which shows the relative effects on vision of main effects and first-order interactions. Two criteria of visibility were used: a Landolt ring, measuring changes in visual acuity, and paired ratio scaling giving direct magnitude estimates of “ease of seeing” through the material. The laboratory results were validated in a short field experiment in which the effects on visibility of three isolated variables was determined by paired comparisons. Some suggestions for future experiments are also discussed.

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