The Brazilian Gold Rush

1946 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoel Cardozo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Precise Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Duration

“A’ meu Deos, como ouro mos, quereis castigar! Com ouro nos quereis castigar!” Frei Apolinário de Conceição, O.F.M., Primazia seráfica na regism da América (Lisboa, 1733), pp. 45-46.The news of the discovery of gold in Minas Gerais at the threshold of the eighteenth century spread like wildfire. Inebriated with the wealth which many thought would be perpetual, Brazil lived hours of rare exultation. “…those Mines,” wrote a former governor-general of Baía at the beginning of the eighteenth century, “are said to be so permanent that it will not be possible to exhaust them as long as the World lasts….” As early as 1697 the governor of Rio could write that the Caeté mines “extend in such a fashion along the foot of a mountain that miners are led to believe that [the extraction of] gold in that locality will be of great duration….” In the absence of more precise information, fantastic rumors became current. The new mining fields were of such dimensions, another contemporary affirmed, that they spread over the vast Brazilian hinterland. In 1709 the Overseas Council (Conselho Ultramarino) was willing to believe that the mines were the richest that had ever been discovered; the Council was certain that they would provoke the jealousy of foreign nations. After so many years of futile search Portugal had at length found another Potosí in the “most expansive heart of that world Emporium,” in that “resplendent diamond” of the finest quality which was Brazil.

The Brazilian Gold Rush

1946 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 137-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoel Cardozo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Precise Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Duration

“A’ meu Deos, como ouro mos, quereis castigar! Com ouro nos quereis castigar!” Frei Apolinário de Conceição, O.F.M., Primazia seráfica na regism da América (Lisboa, 1733), pp. 45-46. The news of the discovery of gold in Minas Gerais at the threshold of the eighteenth century spread like wildfire. Inebriated with the wealth which many thought would be perpetual, Brazil lived hours of rare exultation. “…those Mines,” wrote a former governor-general of Baía at the beginning of the eighteenth century, “are said to be so permanent that it will not be possible to exhaust them as long as the World lasts….” As early as 1697 the governor of Rio could write that the Caeté mines “extend in such a fashion along the foot of a mountain that miners are led to believe that [the extraction of] gold in that locality will be of great duration….” In the absence of more precise information, fantastic rumors became current. The new mining fields were of such dimensions, another contemporary affirmed, that they spread over the vast Brazilian hinterland. In 1709 the Overseas Council (Conselho Ultramarino) was willing to believe that the mines were the richest that had ever been discovered; the Council was certain that they would provoke the jealousy of foreign nations. After so many years of futile search Portugal had at length found another Potosí in the “most expansive heart of that world Emporium,” in that “resplendent diamond” of the finest quality which was Brazil.

scholarly journals Geomorfologia antropogênica em função da mineração de ouro no século XVIII: bases científicas e educativas na proposição de uma Trilha Geoturística Urbana na Sede no Município de Ouro Preto (MG)

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzana Fernandes de Paula ◽  
Paulo de Tarso Amorim Castro
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Landscape Modification ◽  
Quadrilátero Ferrífero ◽  
Anthropogenic Geomorphology ◽  
Mining Regions

A Geomorfologia Antropogênica tem como objeto de estudo as geoformas produzidas bem como aquelas modificadas pelas atividades humanas. Em regiões mineiras, como o Quadrilátero Ferrífero em Minas Gerais, a mineração tem sido o principal atividade antrópica a afetar e modificar a paisagem. A extração aurífera é responsável pela interiorização da ocupação no Brasil setecentista e a criação dos núcleos urbanos tais como Ouro Preto. A partir das premissas da geoconservação são analisados pontos em que são evidentes as ações antrópicas na modificação da paisagem. Esses pontos integram um roteiro turístico urbano Ouro Preto de base científica e educativa. Anthropogenic geomorphology anthropogenic related to gold mining in the eighteenth century: scientific and educational bases on the proposition of a urban geoturistic trail in Ouro Preto City (MG, Brazil) ABSTRACT The anthropogenic geomorphology is focused on the study of landforms produced as well as those modified by human activities. In mining regions such as the Quadrilátero Ferrífero in Minas Gerais (Brazil), mining has been the main human activity to affect and change the natural landscape. The gold rush extraction is responsible for the occupation of the brazilian hinterlands in eighteenth-century as also the establishment and nourishment of their first urban areas such as Ouro Preto city. From the geoconservation assumptions it will be analysed the points where human activities are evident agents in landscape modification. These points are part of an urban tourist trail of Ouro Preto whose scope is educational and scientific. KEYWORDS: Anthropogenic Geomorphology, Ouro Preto, Protocol, Geotourism.

The Wasteland of William Blake

1947 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-204
Author(s):  
Frank O'Malley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
William Blake ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern Mind ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

The question is: how can you put a prophet in his place when, by the very character of prophecy, he is eternally slipping out of place? William Blake was not an eighteenth century or nineteenth century mind or a typically modern mind at all. What I mean to say, right at the start, is that, although well aware of his time and of time altogether, he was not in tune with the main tendencies of his or our own time. Indeed time was a barrier he was forever crashing against. Blake's talent raved through the world into the fastnesses of die past and dramatically confronted the abysses of the future. His age did not confine him. As a poet he does not seem finally to have had real spiritual or artistic rinship with any of the rationalist or romantic writers of England. As a thinker he came to despise the inadequacy of the limited revolutionary effort of the political rebels of the Romantic Revolution. Blake's name is not to be seen mounted first with that of Paine or Godwin, of Rousseau or Voltaire, of Wordsworth or Shelley or Byron or Keats. With these he has, ultimately, little or nothing in common. At any rate, his voice and mood and impact are thoroughly different from the more publicly successful voices of the period of his life, older and younger generations alike.

Across the Western Sea (1783-1845)

1962 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Oscar Wilde ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Native Land ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

In ancient Greece the priests of Apollo asserted that freedom of movement was one of the essentials of human freedom. Many hundreds of years later, toward the end of the eighteenth century, people in the Atlantic world again talked of emigration as one of man's natural rights. It was in northern and western Europe that easier mobility was first achieved within the various states. The next step was to use that mobility to leap local boundaries to reach the lands across the western sea. From the “unsettlement of Europe” (Lewis Mumford's phrase) came the settlement of America.Americans and those who wished to become Americans felt at home in the geographical realm conceived by Oscar Wilde. “A map of the world that does not include Utopia,” he said, “is not even worth glancing at, for it leaves out the one country at which Humanity is always landing. Progress is the realization of Utopias.” It was the belief that Utopias were being realized in America that caused millions to leave Europe for homes overseas.IA Scottish observer, Alexander Irvine, inquiring into the causes and effects of emigration from his native land (1802), remarked that there were “few emigrations from despotic countries,” as “their inhabitants bore their chains in tranquility”; “despotism has made them afraid to think.” Nevertheless, though proud of the freedom his countrymen enjoyed, Irvine was critical of their irrational expectations in setting forth to America. There were few individuals or none in the Highlands, he said, “who have not some expectation of being some time great or affluent.

Sex in the City that Peter Built: The Demimonde and Sociability in Mid-Eighteenth Century St. Petersburg

Slavic Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-930
Author(s):  
Igor Fedyukin
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Associational Life ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The City

This article uses the materials of the Drezdensha affair, a large-scale investigation of “indecency” in St. Petersburg in 1750, to explore unofficial sociability among the Imperial elite, and to map out the institutional, social, and economic dimensions of the post-Petrine “sexual underworld.” Sociability and, ultimately, the public sphere in eighteenth century Russia are usually associated with loftier practices, with joining the ranks of the reading public, reflecting on the public good, and generally, becoming more civil and polite. Yet, it is the privately-run, commercially-oriented, and sexually-charged “parties” at the focus of this article that arguably served as a “training ground” for developing the habits of sociability. The world of these “parties” provides a missing link between the debauchery and carousing of Peter I's era and the more polite formats of associational life in the late eighteenth century, as well as the historical context for reflections on morality, sexual licentiousness, foppery, and the excesses of “westernization.”

Saving the World: Chen Hongmou and Elite Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century China

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
Alexander Woodside ◽  
William T. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The World
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