Bishop Marroquin–Zumárraga’s Gift to Central America

1949 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-341
Author(s):  
Lázaro Lamadrid
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
New World ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Central American ◽  
Good Sense ◽  
Solid Bases ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moderate Position

In the History of the Central American hierarchy there is no personality so highly praised and so little disputed as that of Don Francisco Marroquín, the first Bishop of Guatemala. His good sense, activity and zeal for the conversion of the natives, and his interest in the culture, moral welfare and progress of the incipient province rest upon solid bases in the reports and eulogies of documents and historians, although, strangely enough, he has never been the subject of a full-length biography.No less praiseworthy was his moderate position as to the very serious problem which confronted Spain, and which she herself posed for consideration and decision, from the very beginnings of the colonization and pacification of the New World—namely, the problem of what treatment should be accorded to the natives.

scholarly journals A review of the ant genus Adelomyrmex Emery 1897 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Central America

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3456 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN T. LONGINO
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Species ◽  
Central America ◽  
New World ◽  
Central American ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
World Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Synonymy ◽  
Central American Species

The taxonomy and natural history of the ant genus Adelomyrmex Emery is reviewed for the Central American region. Theyare small, litter-inhabiting ants most often collected in Berlese and Winkler samples. Although the genus and its relativeshave a pantropical distribution, Central American cloud forests are the only places where they are abundant and diverse.Several Adelomyrmex species are mountain-top endemics with very restricted ranges, and climate change clearly posesthe threat of mountain-top extinction. The 21 Mexican and Central American species are treated in some detail and a keyto the 26 mainland New World species is provided. Nine new species are described, eight from Mexico and Central Amer-ica (A. anxiocalor sp. nov., A. bispeculum sp. nov., A. dentivagans sp. nov., A. marginodus sp. nov., A. metzabok sp. nov.,A. nortenyo sp. nov., A. paratristani sp. nov., and A. quetzal sp. nov.) and one from the oceanic Isla del Coco in the easternPacific (A. coco sp. nov.). New synonymy is proposed for Adelomyrmex tristani (Menozzi, 1931) (= A. brevispinosus Fernández, 2003, syn. nov.).

scholarly journals The role of Central American barriers in shaping the evolutionary history of the northernmost glassfrog,Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni(Anura: Centrolenidae)

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Mendoza ◽  
Wilmar Bolívar-García ◽  
Ella Vázquez-Domínguez ◽  
Roberto Ibáñez ◽  
Gabriela Parra Olea
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Central America ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Central American ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

The complex geological history of Central America has been useful for understanding the processes influencing the distribution and diversity of multiple groups of organisms. Anurans are an excellent choice for such studies because they typically exhibit site fidelity and reduced movement. The objective of this work was to identify the impact of recognized geographic barriers on the genetic structure, phylogeographic patterns and divergence times of a wide-ranging amphibian species,Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni. We amplified three mitochondrial regions, two coding (COI and ND1) and one ribosomal (16S), in samples collected from the coasts of Veracruz and Guerrero in Mexico to the humid forests of Chocó in Ecuador. We examined the biogeographic history of the species through spatial clustering analyses (Geneland and sPCA), Bayesian and maximum likelihood reconstructions, and spatiotemporal diffusion analysis. Our data suggest a Central American origin ofH. fleischmanniand two posterior independent dispersals towards North and South American regions. The first clade comprises individuals from Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and the sister speciesHyalinobatrachium tatayoi; this clade shows little structure, despite the presence of the Andes mountain range and the long distances between sampling sites. The second clade consists of individuals from Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and eastern Honduras with no apparent structure. The third clade includes individuals from western Honduras, Guatemala, and Mexico and displays deep population structure. Herein, we synthesize the impact of known geographic areas that act as barriers to glassfrog dispersal and demonstrated their effect of differentiatingH. fleischmanniinto three markedly isolated clades. The observed genetic structure is associated with an initial dispersal event from Central America followed by vicariance that likely occurred during the Pliocene. The southern samples are characterized by a very recent population expansion, likely related to sea-level and climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene, whereas the structure of the northern clade has probably been driven by dispersal through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and isolation by the Motagua–Polochic–Jocotán fault system and the Mexican highlands.

The Indigo Merchant: Promoter of Central American Economic Development, 1750–1808

1965 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy S. Floyd
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Central America ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
New World ◽  
Central American ◽  
Social Importance

Just as the colonial trade created commercial elites in Spain, so, too, did businessmen rise to economic and social importance in the New World. In Central America, for example, the marketers of indigo played an especially significant role.

Jose Cecilio del Valle's Dream of a Latin-American Federation

1963 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
Louis E. Bumgartner
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
New World ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Central Americans ◽  
American Federation ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Single Moment ◽  
History Of

In 1824, José Cecilio del Valle presented to the Constituent Assembly of Central America a portrait of “Jorge Washington.” One of a number of such gestures, the presentation has no special significance. History would be no poorer if the record of the act had been lost forever. But if Valle could have chosen from his distinguished career a single moment to convey the image he wished to cast in the pages of history, he well might have selected the instant when the likeness of Washington passed from his hands to the waiting ones of the president of the Assembly. The scene would have been impressive on canvas. Stripped of flesh, his features showing signs of scholarship's discipline, Valle bends slightly from the waist, arms outstretched, offering the gift — his promise to dedicate himself to the success of the nation that Central Americans were trying to build.But Valle had his own notions as to how Central America could succeed. Steeped in the history of the New World as well as of the Old, he thought the success of the Federation of Central America depended a great deal on the success of all new American nations. This is not to say, however, that he doubted that Central Americans could build a nation from their own resources.

Central America-US Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan D. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central American ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Democratic Capitalism ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War

Since gaining independence in 1823, the states comprising Central America have had a front seat to the rise of the United States as a global superpower. Indeed, more so than anywhere else, the United States has sought to use its power to shape Central America into a system that heeds US interests and abides by principles of liberal democratic capitalism. Relations have been characterized by US power wielded freely by officials and non-state actors alike to override the aspirations of Central American actors in favor of US political and economic objectives: from the days of US filibusterers invading Nicaragua in search of territory; to the occupations of the Dollar Diplomacy era, designed to maintain financial and economic stability; to the covert interventions of the Cold War era. For their part, the Central American states have, at various times, sought to challenge the brunt of US hegemony, most effectively when coordinating their foreign policies to balance against US power. These efforts—even when not rejected by the United States—have generally been short-lived, hampered by economic dependency and political rivalries. The result is a history of US-Central American relations that wavers between confrontation and cooperation, but is remarkable for the consistency of its main element: US dominance.

scholarly journals Recent and Rapid Radiation of the Highly Endangered Harlequin Frogs (Atelopus) into Central America Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Juan Ramírez ◽  
César Jaramillo ◽  
Erik Lindquist ◽  
Andrew Crawford ◽  
Roberto Ibáñez
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Central American ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Museum Samples ◽  
History Of

Populations of amphibians are experiencing severe declines worldwide. One group with the most catastrophic declines is the Neotropical genus Atelopus (Anura: Bufonidae). Many species of Atelopus have not been seen for decades and all eight Central American species are considered “Critically Endangered”, three of them very likely extinct. Nonetheless, the taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeographic history of Central American Atelopus are still poorly known. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships among seven of the eight described species in Central America were inferred based on mitochondrial DNA sequences from 103 individuals, including decades-old museum samples and two likely extinct species, plus ten South American species. Among Central American samples, we discovered two candidate species that should be incorporated into conservation programs. Phylogenetic inference revealed a ladderized topology, placing species geographically furthest from South America more nested in the tree. Model-based ancestral area estimation supported either one or two colonization events from South America. Relaxed-clock analysis of divergence times indicated that Atelopus colonized Central America prior to 4 million years ago (Ma), supporting a slightly older than traditional date for the closure of the Isthmus. This study highlights the invaluable role of museum collections in documenting past biodiversity, and these results could guide future conservation efforts. An abstract in Spanish (Resumen) is available as supplementary material.

A REVISION OF THE GENERA MYCETOPORUS MANNERHEIM AND ISCHNOSOMA STEPHENS (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE: TACHYPORINAE) OF NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (S156) ◽  
pp. 3-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
New World ◽  
Central American ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
The North ◽  
Palearctic Region ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Historical Basis ◽  
World Distribution ◽  
Central American Species

AbstractThe North and Central American species formerly placed in the genus Mycetoporus are revised. Two genera are recognized, Mycetoporus Mannerheim and Ischnosoma Stephens, each with 18 species. The morphological and historical basis for this division is discussed. Ten species of Mycetoporus are described as new: bipunctatu, floridensis, impunctatus, neomexicanus, nidicola, pacificus, rufohumeralis, segregatus, smetanai, and triangulatus. Ten species of Ischnosoma are described as new: arizonense, ashei, costale, durangoense, fimbriatum, hermani, lecontei, mexicanum, pecki, and suteri. Mycetoporus boreelus J. Sahlberg, a species restricted to the Palearctic region, is removed from synonymy with M. nigrans Mäklin and Mycetoporus insignis Mäklin is found to be a junior synonym of M. americanus Erichson. Mycetoporus discalis, M. punctatissimus, and M. punctulatus, all species described by Hatch (1957), are transferred to the genus Bryoporus subgenus Bryophacis and the name Tachinus humidus Say is treated as a nomen dubium in the genus Mycetoporus.The usage of the generic names Mycetoporus Mannerheim and Ischnosoma Stephens is discussed. The North American species of the genus Mycetoporus are placed in six species groups and those of the genus Ischnosoma are placed in four species groups.A neotype is designated for Mycetoporus nigrans Mäklin and lectotypes are designated for M. americanus Erichson, M. insignis Mäklin, M. tenuis Horn, M. lucidulus LeConte, M. consors LeConte, Ischnosoma pictum (Horn) and I. flavicolle (LeConte). The following species were transferred from Mycetoporus to Ischnosoma and are new combinations: pictum Horn, splendidum Gravenhorst, flavicolle LeConte, virginiense Bernhauer, coxale Sharp, hospitale Fall, californicum Bernhauer and Schubert, and curtipenne Bernhauer.All genera, species groups, and species are described and the species are illustrated with line drawings and scanning electron photomicrographs. Keys are provided to distinguish the genera Mycetoporus and Ischnosoma and for all the species in each genus. The New World distribution of each species is mapped. The biology of each species, if known, is discussed.

The Early Palaeolithic of Japan

Antiquity ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (226) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. G. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Homo Erectus ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hominid Evolution ◽  
Know How ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Kanto Region

The Early Palaeolithic of Japan may be defined as comprised of any assemblage which occurs before 30,000 years BP, i.e., prior to the formation of Tachikawa loam formation of the Kanto region (Serizawa, 1970, Ikawa Smith, 1978, 247-86). It has been the subject of controversy since the Palaeolithic period was recognized in Japan following discoveries at Iwajuku in 1949 (Sugihara, 1956). Early in the history of subsequent research, debate arose as to the date of man's arrival in the archipelago. This debate is of importance to a wider audience for a number of reasons. First, Japan is located in a region which has traditionally been associated as a source area for the peopling of the New World—early dates claimed for occupation in America should then, perhaps, be relatable to similar finds and dates in Japan. Secondly, there is now increasing evidence for relative early dates of occupation in Siberia. (Boriskovskij, 1978, 27; Yi and Clark, 1983; Okladnikov and Pospelova, 1982). These may find supportive evidence from neighbouring lands. Thirdly, it is interesting from the point of view of hominid evolution to know how far populations of Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens had spread in East Asia and what form their adaptations took. Additionally, Japan is a relatively well-explored and published source of data in a poorly known region of the World and may be useful as a source for deriving analogies and ideas in interpreting lithic material, particularly in countries such as Korea where palaeolithic research is still in its infancy (Hwang, 1979; Kim, 1983).

scholarly journals Nineteenth Century Navies Role in Developing an understanding of the Pacific Coast of Central America

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Jorge León Sáenz
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Central American ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Navies, apart from their traditional use by nations as instruments for the projection of power, for the protection of maritime interests and for exercising peacekeeping and war activities, have also had an important role in developing scientific and technical knowledge.  The survey work undertaken by various navies since the 18th century, has in particular been of great benefit in improving and making navigation safer on high seas and coasts, through the provision of maritime charts and sailing directions, to all mariners.  The technical efforts and geopolitical interests behind those efforts in the 19th century and how they affected the maritime trade and foreign affairs of the Central American countries located on the Pacific Coast are the subject of this study.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS TACHINUS (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) OF NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (S90) ◽  
pp. 7-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Central American ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Collecting Techniques ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Central American Species

AbstractThe species of the genus Tachinus (Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae) of North and Central America are revised. Forty-four species are recognized, of which eight are described as new; eight species names are placed in synonymy. The subgenera Drymoporus Thomson and Porodrymus Rey are placed in synonymy with Tachinus and the genus is divided into 17 species groups based on an examination of both the Nearctic and the Palearctic fauna. The distribution of each species is mapped and the male genitalia, the male and female eighth abdominal sternites and tergites, and the male seventh sternite are illustrated for every species. A neotype is designated for T. fumipennis Say, and lectotypes are designated for all the North and Central American species of Tachinus described by Gravenhorst, Erichson, Mäklin, Horn, and Sharp. Diagnostic keys for males and females are included. A brief discussion of the nomenclatural history of the genus, of collecting techniques, and of the major diagnostic characters is included.

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