The Indigo Merchant: Promoter of Central American Economic Development, 1750–1808

1965 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy S. Floyd
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Central America ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
New World ◽  
Central American ◽  
Social Importance

Just as the colonial trade created commercial elites in Spain, so, too, did businessmen rise to economic and social importance in the New World. In Central America, for example, the marketers of indigo played an especially significant role.

A REVISION OF THE GENERA MYCETOPORUS MANNERHEIM AND ISCHNOSOMA STEPHENS (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE: TACHYPORINAE) OF NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (S156) ◽  
pp. 3-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
New World ◽  
Central American ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
The North ◽  
Palearctic Region ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Historical Basis ◽  
World Distribution ◽  
Central American Species

AbstractThe North and Central American species formerly placed in the genus Mycetoporus are revised. Two genera are recognized, Mycetoporus Mannerheim and Ischnosoma Stephens, each with 18 species. The morphological and historical basis for this division is discussed. Ten species of Mycetoporus are described as new: bipunctatu, floridensis, impunctatus, neomexicanus, nidicola, pacificus, rufohumeralis, segregatus, smetanai, and triangulatus. Ten species of Ischnosoma are described as new: arizonense, ashei, costale, durangoense, fimbriatum, hermani, lecontei, mexicanum, pecki, and suteri. Mycetoporus boreelus J. Sahlberg, a species restricted to the Palearctic region, is removed from synonymy with M. nigrans Mäklin and Mycetoporus insignis Mäklin is found to be a junior synonym of M. americanus Erichson. Mycetoporus discalis, M. punctatissimus, and M. punctulatus, all species described by Hatch (1957), are transferred to the genus Bryoporus subgenus Bryophacis and the name Tachinus humidus Say is treated as a nomen dubium in the genus Mycetoporus.The usage of the generic names Mycetoporus Mannerheim and Ischnosoma Stephens is discussed. The North American species of the genus Mycetoporus are placed in six species groups and those of the genus Ischnosoma are placed in four species groups.A neotype is designated for Mycetoporus nigrans Mäklin and lectotypes are designated for M. americanus Erichson, M. insignis Mäklin, M. tenuis Horn, M. lucidulus LeConte, M. consors LeConte, Ischnosoma pictum (Horn) and I. flavicolle (LeConte). The following species were transferred from Mycetoporus to Ischnosoma and are new combinations: pictum Horn, splendidum Gravenhorst, flavicolle LeConte, virginiense Bernhauer, coxale Sharp, hospitale Fall, californicum Bernhauer and Schubert, and curtipenne Bernhauer.All genera, species groups, and species are described and the species are illustrated with line drawings and scanning electron photomicrographs. Keys are provided to distinguish the genera Mycetoporus and Ischnosoma and for all the species in each genus. The New World distribution of each species is mapped. The biology of each species, if known, is discussed.

scholarly journals A review of the ant genus Adelomyrmex Emery 1897 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Central America

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3456 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN T. LONGINO
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Species ◽  
Central America ◽  
New World ◽  
Central American ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
World Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Synonymy ◽  
Central American Species

The taxonomy and natural history of the ant genus Adelomyrmex Emery is reviewed for the Central American region. Theyare small, litter-inhabiting ants most often collected in Berlese and Winkler samples. Although the genus and its relativeshave a pantropical distribution, Central American cloud forests are the only places where they are abundant and diverse.Several Adelomyrmex species are mountain-top endemics with very restricted ranges, and climate change clearly posesthe threat of mountain-top extinction. The 21 Mexican and Central American species are treated in some detail and a keyto the 26 mainland New World species is provided. Nine new species are described, eight from Mexico and Central Amer-ica (A. anxiocalor sp. nov., A. bispeculum sp. nov., A. dentivagans sp. nov., A. marginodus sp. nov., A. metzabok sp. nov.,A. nortenyo sp. nov., A. paratristani sp. nov., and A. quetzal sp. nov.) and one from the oceanic Isla del Coco in the easternPacific (A. coco sp. nov.). New synonymy is proposed for Adelomyrmex tristani (Menozzi, 1931) (= A. brevispinosus Fernández, 2003, syn. nov.).

Bishop Marroquin–Zumárraga’s Gift to Central America

1949 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-341
Author(s):  
Lázaro Lamadrid
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
New World ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Central American ◽  
Good Sense ◽  
Solid Bases ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moderate Position

In the History of the Central American hierarchy there is no personality so highly praised and so little disputed as that of Don Francisco Marroquín, the first Bishop of Guatemala. His good sense, activity and zeal for the conversion of the natives, and his interest in the culture, moral welfare and progress of the incipient province rest upon solid bases in the reports and eulogies of documents and historians, although, strangely enough, he has never been the subject of a full-length biography.No less praiseworthy was his moderate position as to the very serious problem which confronted Spain, and which she herself posed for consideration and decision, from the very beginnings of the colonization and pacification of the New World—namely, the problem of what treatment should be accorded to the natives.

Phylogeny and zoogeography of the New World terrestrial amphipods (landhoppers) (Crustacea: Amphipoda; Talitridae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1104-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy Lindeman
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Central America ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
New World ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Central American ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Wet Forests ◽  
Tectonic Movements

A phylogenetic analysis of the known New World tropical landhoppers (terrestrial amphipods) tests the hypothesis that the landhoppers of México, Jamaica, and Central America are derived monophyletically from local beach flea ancestors (of the Tethorchestia group). The results indicate that Cerrorchestia is derived directly from an ancestor of Chelorchestia, a palustral (salt marsh) taxon, and that Caribitroides shares an ancestor with Chelorchestia. The derivation of landhoppers from beach fleas is not supported. The zoogeography of New World landhoppers is explained by a combination of Caribbean tectonic movements and short-distance rafting dispersal. Caribitroides is believed to have evolved in México, with dispersal to Jamaica, as the Caribbean plate moved northeast past México. Cerrorchestia is believed to have evolved in Costa Rica – Panama as a relatively recent offshoot of the Chelorchestia group. Central American landhoppers are found almost exclusively in highland cloud forest and in the wet forests to the windward of these highlands, down to the minimum altitude at which sufficiently wet conditions are maintained.

Marginalization, Assimilation, and Resurgence: Indigenous People in Central America since Independence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Gabbert
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Central American ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Land Loss ◽  
Agricultural Export

While the end of colonial rule brought formal equality it did not end discrimination and marginalization of the indigenous population in independent Central America. Many suffered land loss and proletarianization in the emerging agricultural export economy. However, indigenous people were not mere victims of exploitation, displacement, and ladinization but played an often active role in Central American politics. Participation in the market economy and access to education fostered stratification within the indigenous population. The emergence of well-off and educated Indians and changes in international politics promoting multiculturalism contributed to the emergence of indigenous movements in recent decades. While some progress has been made concerning the recognition of cultural difference and autonomy, land rights are still a much disputed issue.

Exploring ethno-racial policy for the Garinagu in Central America: making the case for Black Indigeneity

2020 ◽  
pp. 117718012097900
Author(s):  
Sheryl Felecia Means
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Central American ◽  
Language Attrition ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Collective Rights ◽  
Land And Water Rights ◽  
Racial Policy

Across the Central American region, several groups received political autonomy by the end of the 20th century. By granting autonomy to these groups, countries like Nicaragua acknowledged certain populations as members of distinct ethnic groups. This was not the case for every country or group in the region, and the lack of effective ethno-racial policy-making considerations across Central America has led to language attrition, loss of land and water rights, and commodification of historic communities. This article focuses on Honduras and Belize as unique sites of ethno-racial and socio-cultural policy making, group identity making and unmaking, and group rights for the Garinagu. Specifically, this work forwards a re-examination of national ethno-racial policy and a critical assessment of political models based on ethno-cultural collective rights intended to combat racial discrimination.

Leaf litter copepods from a cloud forest mountain top in Honduras (Copepoda: Cyclopidae, Canthocamptidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3630 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK FIERS ◽  
MERLIJN JOCQUE
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
National Park ◽  
New World ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Distributional Range ◽  
Litter Sample ◽  
Forest Mountain

Five different species of Copepoda were extracted from a leaf litter sample collected on the top (at 2000 m a.s.l.) of a cloud forested mountain in El Cusuco National Park, Honduras. Three of them, one Cyclopidae and two Canthocamptidae are new to science, and are described herein. Olmeccyclops hondo sp. nov. is the second representative thus far known of this New World genus. Moraria catracha sp. nov. and Moraria cusuca sp. nov. are the first formally described members of the genus occurring in Central America. The concept of a “Moraria-group” is considered to be an artificial grouping and is limited here to the genera Moraria and Morariopsis only. The distributional range of this group is essentially Holarctic, with the mountainous regions inHonduras, and probably in westNicaragua, as the southernmost limits in theNew World.

A BIOSYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE GENUS MUSCIDIFURAX (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 1268-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Kogan ◽  
E. F. Legner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Central America ◽  
New World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Scanning Electronmicroscopy ◽  
United States Mexico

AbstractExtensive collections of synanthropic fly parasitoids in animal excrement accumulations in the United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, Chile, Denmark, Israel, and South Africa yielded seven forms of a Muscidifurax complex which were totally or partially reproductively isolated. Morphological studies of female and male parasitoids coupled with biological and zoogeographical information permitted the identification of five sibling species. Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders 1910 is redescribed and four additional species are described as new: M. zaraptor, from the southwestern United States; M. raptoroides from Central America and Mexico; M. uniraptor from Puerto Rico, and M. raptorellus from Uruguay and Chile. Biological notes are added to the descriptions, and it was postulated that the genus is undergoing a process of speciation with local populations slowly becoming reproductively isolated and eventually giving rise to morphologically distinguishable entities. Most evidence suggests the establishment of Muscidifurax in the New World, concomitant with or shortly following the establishment of muscoid flies in accumulated excrement. Scanning electronmicroscopy was used in the analysis of some morphological structures.

UNICEF in Central America

1960 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Alice C. Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Central America ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Central American ◽  
The World ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Integrated Programs ◽  
Regional Basis ◽  
The United Nations

Central America has been one of the pioneer areas for the United Nations Children's Fund assisted pro grams. When the United Nations Children's Fund, under a broadened mandate from the United Nations, shifted the emphasis of its aid from emergency to long term and from war-torn countries to those economically less developed, Cen tral American governments immediately requested its assist ance to strengthen and extend services to children and mothers. As one of the first areas in the world to aim at the eradication of malaria and to have engaged in an inten sive campaign against malnutrition on a regional basis, the Central American experiences in these fields have become known, watched, and studied by people from many countries. Against this background, international and bilateral organi zations are working together with governments as they broaden the scope and the extent of their programs. Ten years of co-operative action have highlighted the need for train ing of personnel, both professional and auxiliary. This period has also made clear the value of more integrated programs with wider collaboration both within the ministries of government and between the international organizations.

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