Cultivation Intensity and Residential Site Structure: An Ethnoarchaeological Examination of Peasant Agriculture in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico

1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Killion
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Site Formation ◽  
Los Tuxtlas ◽  
Archaeological Excavation ◽  
Site Structure ◽  
Ancient Agriculture ◽  
Intensity Of Cultivation ◽  
Sierra De Los Tuxtlas ◽  
Residential Space ◽  
Farming Households

Agricultural and residential space were integrated in prehistoric lowland Mesoamerica for productive and domestic activities to produce distinctive patterns of settlement and land use visible in the archaeological record. Ethnoarchaeological studies provide information on the behavioral component of site formation in such contexts. Contemporary residential refuse treatment and the use of infield agricultural land are examined here from a sample of farming households in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas of southern Veracruz, Mexico. A model of site structure (the House-Lot model) relates the maintenance of refuse-free (clear area) and refuse-laden (intermediate area) spaces within the house lot to household farming activities outside of the residential lot. Variation in the intensity of cultivation on infield plots is shown to correlate with variability in the size of areas within house lots. This research suggests that the distribution of prehistoric residential debris might be used to diagnose factors of ancient agriculture and settlement in contexts commonly encountered during archaeological excavation and survey.

Climate Change and Land Use Change of Rural Households in The Red River Delta, Vietnam

2013 ◽  
pp. 79-94
Author(s):  
Ngoc Luu Bich
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Red River ◽  
Red River Delta ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Farming Households

Climate change (CC) and its impacts on the socio-economy and the development of communities has become an issue causing very special concern. The rise in global temperatures, in sea levels, extreme weather phenomena, and salinization have occurred more and more and have directly influenced the livelihoods of rural households in the Red River Delta – one of the two regions projected to suffer strongly from climate change in Vietnam. For farming households in this region, the major and traditional livelihoods are based on main production materials as agricultural land, or aquacultural water surface Changes in the land use of rural households in the Red River Delta during recent times was influenced strongly by the Renovation policy in agriculture as well as the process of industrialization and modernization in the country. Climate change over the past 5 years (2005-2011) has started influencing household land use with the concrete manifestations being the reduction of the area cultivated and the changing of the purpose of land use.

The Archaeological Record

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjil Hazarika
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Site Formation ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Site Formation Processes ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Site Structure ◽  
Reserve Forest ◽  
Ethnographic Data ◽  
Ways Of Life

This chapter elaborates the data and results of the explorations conducted in the Garbhanga Reserve Forest. The area has been intensively surveyed for the location of potential archaeological sites and the collection of ethnographic data in order to draw direct historical analogies. An ‘area-approach’ study has been conducted in order to formulate a general model for archaeological site structure, locations, geomorphic situations, and site formation processes that can be used for archaeological study in the hilly landscape of Northeast India. Present-day agricultural implements have been analysed and compared with Neolithic implements in order to reconstruct ancient farming culture by way of undertaking systematic study of modern peasant ways of life in the study area. The ideological significance of stone artefacts as ‘thunderstone’ in Northeast India and among the Karbis has also been discussed.

scholarly journals Determinants of Preferences of the Respondents for the Payment for Environmental Services among the Rural Farming Households in Oyo State Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 90-98
Author(s):  
Adesiyan Olusegun Israel
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Previous Knowledge ◽  
State Farm ◽  
Payment For Environmental Services ◽  
Farming Households ◽  
Micro Credit

This study attempted to uncover the factors that influence preferences of the poor farming households for the attributes of Payment for environmental services (PES) in the Oyo State farm settlement Nigeria. Educational attainment, age of the respondents, previous knowledge of PES, land tenure, provision of micro credit, number of dependents, marital status and main occupation of the respondents. Dependent variable is preference for PES attributes.A multi-stage sampling technique was employed for this study.This study used exclusively Primary data.Which were collected through the use of a well-structured questionnaires and interview schedule for the literate and non-literate farmers respectivelyTotal sample of 395 out of 547respondents (i.e.72%) were drawn cumulatively. The regression results showed that previous knowledge of PES and provision of microcredit are significant at 5% each, while land ownership right is significant at 10% in the educational poverty group. In the consumption poverty group, previous knowledge of PES is significant at 5%, while land ownership right is positively significant at 1%, respectively. Housing/living standard poverty group; previous knowledge of PES and land ownership rights   are significant at 5% each. From the findings of this study, it implies that if micro credit facilities are provided to these poor farming households, they will be willing to conserve the environmental resources (i.e. agricultural land). It therefore suggests that a well thought institutional arrangement with PES in view could be put up to enhance natural resource conservation and by extension reduction of poverty.

scholarly journals Management of Gogo Rice Production in Realizing the Commercialization of Marginal Land Farming Households in Yogyakarta

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-378
Author(s):  
Wulandari Dwi Etika Rini ◽  
Endang Siti Rahayu ◽  
Mohamad Harisudin ◽  
Supriyadi Supriyadi
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Marginal Land ◽  
Marketable Surplus ◽  
Farming Households

The land is an important factor for people whose lives depend on the agricultural sector. The need for land for various uses has resulted in decreasing agricultural land which could have implications for decreasing food production. Alternative options which are expected to increase the potential for food production are the utilization of marginal land. Farmers with marginal land need to manage their production to meet household needs. So it is important to examine the marketable surplus, the level of commercialization, and the carrying capacity of marginal land. The research area was taken by purposive sampling method in Gunungkidul Yogyakarta. The samples taken were upland rice farmer households with the simple random sampling method. The marketable surplus analysis uses a marketable surplus formula, then the percentage is used to determine the level of farm commercialization. The carrying capacity analysis is carried out using the carrying capacity formula. The results showed that farmer households manage rice production by allocating an average of 59.1% for marketed and 40.9% for household consumption. The allocation of marketable surplus is greater than for household consumption, this shows that gogo rice farming households are towards commercially. The marginal land carrying capacity of 0.641 indicates that the land cannot be developed in an expansive and exploratory manner. The implication is in increasing upland rice production on marginal land, namely by an intensification of farming.

Location and Position in Archaeology: Revisiting the Original Association of a Folsom Point with Bison Ribs

2015 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-744
Author(s):  
R. Lee Lyman
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Site Formation ◽  
Projectile Point ◽  
Site Structure ◽  
Archaeological Interpretation

The proveniences (locations) of artifacts have long been critically important to archaeological interpretation. Although of major importance to site formation studies, positional attributes of artifacts (e.g., orientation, dip, which side is up) are seldom mentioned. When discovered in 1927, the in situ association of a Folsom projectile point with two ribs of a Pleistocene form of bison was interpreted as indicative of the contemporaneity of the three items, and thus was taken as evidence for the Pleistocene age of humans in North America. The locational and positional attributes of the two ribs and the point relative to one another suggest it is improbable that the point was deposited simultaneously with the two ribs as a result of it being embedded in the animal's flank, which is not to say the three items are not depositionally and temporally associated. Previously unmentioned positional attributes of the items making up the original Folsom association exemplify the importance of such attributes. New understanding of the original association underscores that actualistic research is required to identify the kinds of positional attributes important to questions regarding site formation and site structure.

Intensive Ceramic Production and Classic-Period Political Economy in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Arnold ◽  
Christopher A. Pool ◽  
Ronald R. Kneebone ◽  
Robert S. Santley
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Classic Period ◽  
Ceramic Production ◽  
Los Tuxtlas ◽  
Prestige Goods ◽  
Local Elite ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Sierra De Los Tuxtlas

AbstractMatacapan, a Classic-period center in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico, is known for its strong stylistic affinities with Teotihuacan. The Comoapan complex is a ceramic-production area situated along the southern edge of Matacapan. Data from Comoapan indicate that pottery manufacture was large scale and intensive, with final products distributed outside of Matacapan and possibly beyond the Tuxtlas. These data suggest that models of Tuxtlas political economy emphasizing long-term Teotihuacan administration should be reconsidered. More reasonable is a perspective that views the Tuxtlas as a source of high-quality prestige goods whose distribution is administered by local elite.

Site Structure of the Orbit Inn: An Application of Ethnoarchaeology

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Simms ◽  
Kathleen M. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Site Formation ◽  
Site Formation Processes ◽  
Site Structure ◽  
Assemblage Composition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Open Site ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Site Function ◽  
Activity Areas

One goal of ethnoarchaeology is to strengthen archaeological inferences about the past. A fifteenth-century hunter-gatherer, open site in Utah is used to examine ethnoarchaeological contributions toward determining the use of space, duration of occupation, assemblage composition, and site function. Comparisons between macrorefuse and microrefuse patterning suggest that (1) the distribution of macrorefuse can help identify locations of ephemeral structures and household activity areas; (2) the distribution of microrefuse in this intermittently occupied open site is useful for assessing assemblage composition; (3) determining the characteristics of macro- and microrefuse improves hypotheses about duration of occupation; and (4) interpretation of plant remains can be improved by considering site-formation processes. The study points to the need for a closer linkage between ethnoarchaeology and the archaeology of the past.

scholarly journals SWOT analysis of Slovak farmers in the pre-accession period to the EU

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 352-356
Author(s):  
P. Bielik
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Farming Households ◽  
The Eu

In the framework of Slovakia entering into the European Union, there was done a PHARE-ACE survey in years 1999–2000. The name of this survey was “Micro-economic analysis of farming households restructuring in pre-accession period to the EU”. The survey was finished in 2002. This survey was done in two regions of Slovakia, characterized by different natural conditions, production and economic conditions. This project was aiming not only at private farmers but also at other legal entities producing agricultural products. The monitored group consisted of 412 private farmers, farming in average 43.2 ha of agricultural land. Most of them are farming on 0–2 ha of agricultural land (20.8%) and on 25–100 ha of agricultural land (20.1%).

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