Constitutional Law. Construction. Bible Reading in Public Schools. Pfeiffer v. Board of Education of City of Detroit, 77 N. W. Rep. 250 (Mich.)

The signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was heralded as a tremendous victory for the civil rights movement, the fulfillment of a decade-long struggle to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Along with measures against job and housing discrimination, the Civil Rights Act included provisions specifically designed to overcome the white South's massive resistance campaign and enforce school desegregation. Despite the continued intransigence of segregationists, these measures proved successful and white public schools across the South opened their doors to black children. With segregationists in retreat and the Voting Rights Act on the horizon, this was a time of celebration for civil rights activists. But this was not the end of the story.

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Constitutional Law. Establishment of Religion. Third Circuit Holds That Prayer at Graduation Is Unconstitutional Even If It Results from a Student Vote. ACLU v. Black Horse Pike Regional Board of Education, 84 F.3d 1471 (3d Cir. 1996)

Harvard Law Review ◽

10.2307/1342248 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

pp. 781

Keyword(s):

Constitutional Law ◽

Board Of Education ◽

Regional Board

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Education and Law

Debating Yoga and Mindfulness in Public Schools ◽

10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648484.003.0002 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 19-38

Author(s):

Candy Gunther Brown

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Emotional Health ◽

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ◽

Establishment Clause ◽

Religious Discrimination ◽

Protestant Christianity ◽

Legal Contexts ◽

Lemon Test ◽

Bible Reading

Chapter 1 illuminates the educational and legal contexts in which yoga and meditation entered the U.S. cultural mainstream. Beginning in the seventeenth century, public schools taught Protestant Christianity. Since the mid-twentieth century, public schools have been tasked by courts with providing a secular education and by educational reformers with shaping moral character and ethical behavior. Yoga and meditation appeal to educators because they promise not only to enhance physical, mental, and emotional health but also to instill morality and ethics without promoting religion. The U.S. Supreme Court issued a series of landmark rulings, among them Engel v. Vitale (1962) and School of Abington Township v. Schempp (1963), that prohibited public schools from endorsing religious practices such as prayer and Bible reading. The Court developed constitutional tests, the Lemon test, endorsement test, and coercion test, for identifying violations of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, based on principles of religious voluntarism, equality, and nondiscrimination. Through the federal cases Malnak v. Yogi (1979) and United States v. Meyers (1996), courts developed the Malnak-Meyers indicia of religion. In 2008, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) identified the imposition of yoga and meditation as reverse religious discrimination.

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The Publishers and Their Books

10.1093/oso/9780197579237.003.0002 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 17-30

Author(s):

Kathleen Wellman

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Public Education ◽

Christian Education ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Bob Jones University ◽

The Supreme Court ◽

Legal Challenges ◽

History Of ◽

The 1960S ◽

Bible Reading

This chapter discusses the three publishers of the textbooks this book treats: Bob Jones University, Abeka Books, and Accelerated Christian Education. It addresses when and why they began to publish and the controversies and legal challenges they subsequently generated. It explores the history of their sponsoring educational institutions and their stated missions. It places them in the context of Christian opposition to public education as it developed in response to the teaching of evolution, the Supreme Court decisions of the 1960s prohibiting prayer and Bible reading in public schools, and, most importantly, desegregation. These three publishers have offered an alternative “Christian” education since the early 1970s.

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