scholarly journals The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia

1887 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 461-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Local History ◽  
Social Condition ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
Entire Country ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
First Time

The study of the Phrygian cities, the concluding part of which is here published, claims to be complete in the sense that it enumerates and places every polis, i.e. district, which had at any period a self-centred municipal existence; besides this it enumerates and discusses many villages and towns which formed part of the territory of these πόλϵις. The hope of the writer is to make a study of the local history of the whole central plateau of Asia Minor, tracing from the beginning of recorded history to the Mohammedan conquest the varying fortunes of every district, collecting the scanty indications of its social condition at different points in this long time, and essaying a picture of the growth and decay (which sometimes recur in a second cycle) of its civilization. The present study is restricted by the conditions of available space to the narrowest limits of a preliminary survey of the entire country of Phrygia. This survey is founded on certain principles, some of which are here enunciated for the first time, while others have been to a certain degree recognized and stated by M. Waddington and Professor Hirschfeld, though they have never been consistently applied and carried out to their logical conclusion. I may here briefly state them.

scholarly journals The War of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Sukhodolov ◽  
Tuvd Dorj ◽  
Yuriy Kuzmin ◽  
Mikhail Rachkov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Second World

For the first time in Russian historiography, the article draws attention to the connection of the War of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the conclusion of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of 1939. For a long time, historical science considered these two major events in the history of the USSR and history of the world individually, without their historic relationship. The authors made an attempt to provide evidence of this relationship, showing the role that surrounding and defeating the Japanese army at Khalkhin Gol in August 1939 and signing in Moscow of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact played in the history of the world. The study analyzes the foreign policy of the USSR in Europe, the reasons for the failure in the conclusion of the Anglo-Franco-Soviet military union in 1939 and the circumstances of the Pact. It shows the interrelation between the defeat of the Japanese troops at Khalkhin Gol and the need for the Soviet-German treaty. The authors describe the historic consequences of the conclusion of the pact for the further development of the Japanese-German relations and the course of the Second World War. They also present the characteristics of the views of these historical events in the Russian historiography.

scholarly journals Bluetongue virus in Europe: the current epidemiological situation

2022 ◽  
Vol 78 (02) ◽  
pp. 6619-2022
Author(s):  
WIESŁAW NIEDBALSKI
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Entire Country ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
First Time ◽  
North Western ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

The article reviews the history of BT occurrence in Europe and its present status. It describes the distribution of BT in Europe before 1998, the emergence of BTV in southern and eastern Europe in 1998-2006 and the epidemiology of BT in north-western Europe after 2006. Up to 1998, sporadic cases of BT were noted in Cyprus, on the Iberian Peninsula and on several Greek islands. However, since 1998, probably due to climatic changes, BTV has spread northwards into the Mediterranean Basin, where five BTV serotypes (1, 2, 4, 9 and 16) have been identified. In August 2006, BTV passed for the first time latitude 50°N, and BT outbreaks caused by BTV serotype 8 occurred in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France and Luxembourg. Mass vaccination campaigns implemented in Europe in the spring of 2008 quickly limited the spread of disease caused by BTV-8, and it was eradicated by 2011. However, after a 3-year break, in September 2015, BTV-8 re-emerged in Europe, in central France, and subsequently spread throughout the entire country. In the following years, BTV-8 outbreaks were found in Switzerland, Germany, Belgium and Spain. In addition to BTV-8 outbreaks, BTV serotypes 1, 2, 4, 9 and 16 have recently circulated in Europe. As revealed by phylogeographic inference, the recent spread of BTV in Europe is a consequence of climatic, landscape and vertebrate host factors

„Selbstbericht“ Ulrich Stutz

2016 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Waldhoff
Keyword(s):  
Canon Law ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Great Scholar ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time

Abstract„Selfdescription“ Ulrich Stutz. Ulrich Stutz closed his „selfdiscription“ in May 1934 and handed it to the library of the University of Basel with the remark „strictly confidential during the lifetime of the author“. It has been quoted very rarely and is published here for the first time. Ulrich Stutz is not only the founder of the history of canon law, but he was also for a long time its spiritus rector. The „selfdiscription“ is preceded by brief remarks on the life and work of this great scholar.

Merck

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Burhop ◽  
Michael Kißener ◽  
Hermann Schäfer ◽  
Joachim Scholtyseck
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Pharmaceutical Chemical ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Chemical Company ◽  
Technology Firms ◽  
Global Corporation ◽  
Global Leader ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

Merck is the oldest pharmaceutical-chemical company in the world. It developed into a global corporation from a Darmstadt pharmacy that Jacob Friedrich Merck received the pharmacist’s license for in 1668. This book tells the 350-year history of the company for the first time in its entirety and on the basis of all the available sources, as well as the newest research in business history. For a long time, family-owned companies were regarded as a dying breed. The future seemed to belong to jointstock companies with an anonymous stockholder structure. Yet there are numerous successful counterexamples in Germany, such as Bosch, C&A and Bertelsmann. Merck, too, counts among them. How did the Merck family manage to keep the company in its possession for 13 generations through all the political ruptures and historical crises and turn it into a global leader among science and technology firms? With this as their central question, four acclaimed historians recount the fascinating history of the Merck company between 1668 and 2018, embedding it in the eventful course of world history.

scholarly journals “Russian Sakhalin” of Pyotr Polevoy: Visual and Anthropological Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-204
Author(s):  
Ivan A. Golovnev ◽  
◽  
Elena V. Golovneva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Local History ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Visual Anthropology ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
History Of ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
First Time

This paper considers a relevant but practically unexplored topic, i.e. visual anthropology as a tool of scientific cognition as well as constructing and representing the image of a territory. Professional researchers and travellers contributed considerably to the formation of images of the frontier regions of Russia in the imperial and Soviet periods. This work opens a little-known page in the history of the study of Sakhalin — the work of Pyotr Ignatievich Polevoy (1873–1938), one of the pioneers in the scientific development of the island. Based on archival data, many of which are published for the first time, the article focuses on the analysis of the scientist’s visual and anthropological legacy and follows the main directions of his work — anthropology, geology, and local history. The reflection of the post-penal period in the history of Sakhalin related to the transformation of the colonisation policy, gives special ideas in terms of studying and representing the island’s image in the Asia-Pacific. The authors compare text and photographic materials and specify the key images of Sakhalin in the works of Polevoy, an “island of oil”, “island of foreigners” and “island of colonists”. Interconnected by the cross-cutting theme of colonisation, these images clearly illustrate the researcher’s position on the futility of Sakhalin as an agricultural colony and the rationality of its industrial development. The paper also develops concepts from visual anthropology (“visual representation of a region”, “ethnographic photography”) and cultural geography (“image of a region”, “cultural landscape”). The authors come to the conclusion that the legacy of Pyotr Polevoy (his scientific works and photographic representations) can be considered an informative historical source for studying the dynamic image of the Far Eastern frontier in anthropology and related humanities.

NATIONAL POLISH SCHOOL AND RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY, 1905–1907

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-21
Author(s):  
Alexandra Yu. Bakhturina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish School ◽  
Provincial Administration ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Revolution

The history of the movement for a national Polish school in 1905–1907 was for a long time a part of research on the history of the first Russian revolution; the “school strike” in the Kingdom of Poland was studied separately, but the position of the top Russian bureaucracy on that issue was not considered in detail. The article considers an evolution in the positions of the top Russian bureaucracy on the issue of teaching in Polish in the schools of the Kingdom of Poland during the first Russian revolution. For the first time, the differences between the positions of official Petersburg and the provincial administration of the Kingdom of Poland are shown. The provincial administration was more interested in achieving stability in the province by liberal methods and was ready to make concessions when the members of the Council of Ministers and Nicholas II initially held an ambiguous stance. Based on the analysis of the interdepartmental correspondence, part of which is introduced in the scientific circulation for the first time, it is concluded that hesitation of the tsarist government in resolving the issue of the national Polish school did not contribute to the stabilization of the situation in the region during the revolution, and the winning liberal course did not have the anticipated effect.

scholarly journals REVIEW ON THE MONOGRAPH BY T.A. ANIKEEVA “LEGENDS OF KORKUT. OGHUZ HEROIC EPOS AS A SOURCE ON THE HISTORY OF THE TURKIC PEOPLES OF CENTRAL ASIA OF THE IX-XI CENTURIES”

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-210
Author(s):  
Ilya V. Zaytsev
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Academic Publishing ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Recently published in the academic publishing house “Oriental Literature” under the heading of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, T.A. Anikeeva’s monograph is dedicated to the only monument of the book epic of the Oghuz Turks – “The book of my grandfather Korkut”. The main plot-forming core around which the twelve legends of this epic are grouped is the struggle of the Turks against non-Muslims in the lands of Asia Minor, as well as numerous feuds among the Oghuz themselves. Both the addition of legends and their cyclization took quite a long time, approximately from the IX – X centuries (when the Oghuz tribes had just begun their migration to the West from Central Asia) until their written fixation, which occurred much later. Thus, the “Kitab-i dedem Korkut” can be considered one of the most important sources on the social and cultural life of the Oghuz Turks in the Middle Ages. According to T.A. Anikeeva, “in the «Book of my grandfather Korkut» reflected the events of the early Turkic semi-legendary history, and later, associated with the spread of their power in Asia Minor and contacts with Byzantium”.

scholarly journals THE ARAVELIANS: THE ALANIAN COMPONENT IN GENEALOGY OF THE ARMENIAN NOBILITY

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 120-130
Author(s):  
Р.М. Абрамян
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Source Credibility ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Early Tertiary ◽  
The Family ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Substantial Interest ◽  
Tertiary Period

В истории Армении раннесредневекового периода исключительно важную роль играли аристократические династии, составляющие сословие нахараров. Фактически вплоть до эпохи арабских нашествий в руках нахарарских кланов были сосредоточены основные земельные, военные и экономические ресурсы страны. В этой связи различные аспекты истории, включая вопросы генеалогии и просопографии соответствующих родов, давно находятся в поле зрения арменоведов. Одной из давно разрабатываемых в науке проблем является анализ достоверности сообщений средневековых авторов об иноэтническом (персидском (парфянском), иудейском, ченском (?китайском), римском) происхождении ряда нахарарств. Для истории Алании и армяно-аланских связей значительный интерес представляет нахарарство Аравелеанов, связанное, согласно Мовсесу Хоренаци, с родом царевны Сатиник. В статье обобщены высказывавшиеся в науке мнения о достоверности сообщений о выезде предков Аравелеанов из Алании, этимологии фамильного имени, локализации родовых владений, а также места, занимаемого кланом в рамках нахарарского сословия. Впервые на основе всего корпуса нарративных и эпиграфических источников собраны сведения об известных на сегодняшний день представителях рода. Выявлена информация о семи носителях фамилии V – VII вв. На основе имеющихся данных можно заключить, что Аравелеаны сыграли заметную роль в ключевых событиях армянской истории рассматриваемого периода – войнах Варданидов и борьбе с арабскими завоевателями. Отдельный интерес представляет получение представителями рода высоких византийских титулов. Составлена просопографическая анкета Аравелеанов. Noble dynasties, which formed a stratum of nakharars, have played exceptionally significant role in the history of the Early Tertiary period of Armenia. Actually, until the epoch of the Arab conquests, the majority of land, military and economic resources of the country was concentrated in nakharars’ hands. In this connection, different historical aspects, including questions of genealogy and prosopography of respected dynasties are now in the sight of Armenologists. One of the scientific problems which has been studied in depth for a long time is the analysis of source credibility of medieval authors’ statements about nonethnic origin of range of nakharars – Persian (Parthian), Hebrew, Chen (?Chinese), Roman. For the history of Alania and Armenian-Alanian relations, the Aravelian nakharar, which according to Movses Horenazi is connected to the dynasty of Queen Satinik, is of substantial interest. The article summarizes expressed scientific opinions on credibility of statements about departure of Aravelians’ predecessors from the territory of Alania, etymology of the family name, localisation of ancestral lands as well as position of the clan in frames of nakharar stratum. For the first time, on the basis of the whole corpus of narrative and epigraphic sources, the data on currently known members of Aravelians is collected. Information about seven family name bearers of V – VII centuries is being brought into light. On the basis of the available data, it can be concluded that Aravelians have played a significant role in the key milestones of the Armenian history during the period under review – Vardanid wars and fight against Arab invaders. Acquisition of high Byzantine titles by the members of the family is of specific interest. Phosopographical form of the Aravelians was made by the author.

scholarly journals THE SONGS OF THE SHENEHEN BURYATS

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-101
Author(s):  
Лариса Батоевна Бадмаева
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

В статье впервые рассматриваются тематика и особенности языка текстов песен шэнэхэнских бурят в авторском переводе на русский язык. Уникальность шэнэхэнских бурят, проживающих в течение 100 лет в Китае, в том, что им удалось сохранить свою аутентичную культуру: язык, традиционное монгольское письмо, национальный костюм, традиции, обычаи и народные песни. Долгое время тема о бурятской эмиграции находилась под запретом. В статье также освещены причины и история эмиграции агинских бурят в местность Шэнэхэн АРВМ КНР, с опорой на работу Бодонгут Абиды (1983), написанной на старомонгольской письменности. Природа миграции бурятской диаспоры в Баргу носила этнозащитный характер и связана с политическими событиями в России в начале XX в. Наличие жанра одических песен (магтаал) в песенной традиции бурят свидетельствует об их развитой системе письменной культуры, различении письменных и устных текстов, стилистической дифференциации языка текстов песен. Выявлено, что лексика гимнических песен (магтаалов) выдержана в высоком стиле с ориентацией на нормы старописьменного монгольского языка. Анализ полевых материалов свидетельствует о мастерстве стихосложения безымянных поэтов, строго соблюдающих начальную аллитерацию в строфах, использующих различные фигуры речи, весь арсенал грамматических форм для передачи оттенков семантики лексической единицы. Это позволяет утверждать, что песенные тексты бурят создавались и передавались не только в устной форме, но и в письменной еще задолго до революции 1917 г. Abstract. For the first time, the article discusses the subject matter, features of the language of the songs of the Shenehen Buryats in the author's translation into Russian. The uniqueness of the Shenehen Buryats, who have been living in China for about 100 years, is that they have preserved their authentic culture: language, traditional Old Mongolian script, national costume, traditions, customs and folk songs. For a long time, the topic about Buryat emigration was banned. The article also highlights the reasons and history of the emigration of the Aga Buryats to the Shenehen locality of the China, based on the work of Bodongut Abida (1983), written in Old Mongolian script. The migration of the Buryat diaspora to Bargu was ethnically protective in nature and was associated with political events in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The presence of the genre of odic songs (magtaal) in the song tradition testifies to their developed system of written culture, the distinction between written and oral texts, and the stylistic differentiation of the language of the lyrics. It has been revealed that the vocabulary of the Magtaals is sustained in a high style with an orientation towards the norms of the Old Mongolian language. An analysis of the field materials testifies to the mastery of versification of nameless poets, strictly observing the initial alliteration in strophes, using various figures of speech, the entire arsenal of grammatical forms to convey shades of semantics of the lexical unit. This allows us to argue that the lyrics are created and transmitted not only verbally, but also in writing long before the 1917 revolution.

Igor Alexandrovich Smirnov and his constructivist concept of Soviet culture

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
I.I. Dokuchaev
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Soviet Culture ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Russian State ◽  
State Pedagogical ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
Classical Culture ◽  
First Time

The paper presents a new book published by the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen in 2020, belonging to the pen of one of the most talented culturologists of their first generation in Russia — Igor Alexandrovich Smirnov. The book was written during the work of I.A. Smirnov at the Department of Theory and History of Culture of Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen in 1993, but published for the first time. It is extremely relevant today both in the subject of research and in the method. It presents the original concept of Soviet literature and culture, based on the constructivist methodology. I.A. Smirnov convincingly shows that Soviet culture is a structure created according to the model of classical culture, but not spontaneously, that is, as a result of free creativity or traditions that existed for a long time, but by state order. The paper demonstrates the deformations that inevitably arise as a result of the implementation of such projects.

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