Pensée rationnelle et responsabilité morale: Le Traité de sagesse dans La Logique de Port-Royal

PMLA ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 1075-1083
Author(s):  
Marie-Rose Carré
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Eternal Truth ◽  
Port Royal ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Antoine Arnauld

La Logique de Port-Royal is regarded by historians of this science as a treatise that does not fit into any of their categories; indeed, the art of Logic as an independent exercise of the mind seemed unacceptable to its authors. Writing at the end of the Aristotelian era and under the influence of Cartesian theories, but having their own convictions about man's nature and obligations, Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole saw logical reasoning as justifiable only if it trains the mind to distinguish between Good and Bad. They believed in the existence of an immutable, eternal truth; man's reason is intended to make this Truth a perceivable reality. Logic, most importantly, therefore, trains our word-using and concept-making faculty to acknowledge that the needs of man's soul belong to a much higher order of values than the science of “things”: it should thus give reason the strength to be “true” to its own nature. (In French)

Transmission into England

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Political Opinion ◽  
Port Royal ◽  
Intellectual Leader ◽  
Antoine Arnauld

This chapter illustrates the extent to which English readers were familiar with French works produced by the reforming writers of Port-Royal and by the controversy over Jansenism which gathered pace after the publication of Jansen’s Augustinus in 1640. It shows that readers from across the spectrum of religious and political opinion in England were aware from an early stage of the principal themes and the major works associated with the controversy, including the output not only of Antoine Arnauld, the intellectual leader of the Port-Royal group, and Pascal, its most celebrated apologist, but also of their spiritual master, the abbé de Saint-Cyran. In surveying these works the chapter also extends the background provided in chapter 1 across some of the wider themes which occupied the Port-Royalists.

Fact or fiction?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Chlebuch ◽  
Thalia R. Goldstein ◽  
Deena Skolnick Weisberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Literary Fiction ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Eyes Task ◽  
The Mind

Abstract Many studies have claimed to find that reading fiction leads to improvements in social cognition. But this work has left open the critical question of whether any type of narrative, fictional or nonfictional, might have similar effects. To address this question, as well as to test whether framing a narrative as fiction matters, the current studies presented participants (N = 268 in Study 1; N = 362 in Study 2) with literary fiction texts, narrative nonfiction texts, expository nonfiction texts, or no texts. We tested their theory-of-mind abilities using the picture-based Reading the Mind in the Eyes task and a text-based test of higher-order social cognition. Reading anything was associated with higher scores compared to reading nothing, but the effects of framing and text type were inconsistent. These results suggest that prior claims regarding positive effects of reading fiction on mentalizing should be seen as tenuous; other mechanisms may be driving previously published effects.

Reading the Mind or Only the Story? Sharing Fiction to Develop ToM With Deaf Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-476
Author(s):  
Helen Chilton ◽  
Sarah M. Beazley
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Multidimensional Construct ◽  
First Order ◽  
Story Sharing ◽  
Book Sharing ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Applied Knowledge

In literature which discusses the Theory of Mind (ToM) of deaf children, the lens is usually focused on the child. Here, the lens is directed toward the practitioners and the potential they have to support the development of ToM. In considering a practice-focused approach, we report on the strategies used by five educators of five deaf children (aged between 4 and 8 years old) while using fiction books to explore the topic of thoughts and feelings. Observation of the book-sharing activities highlighted opportunities to view ToM as a multidimensional construct and identified a plethora of strategies in use in exploring first-order ToM. However, these strategies did not automatically expose deaf children to second-order and higher order concepts. Points are raised about the need for evidence-based practice in the use of strategies to support the refining and progression of ToM in deaf children and the sharing of applied knowledge within the profession.

scholarly journals Understandable robots - What, Why, and How

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hellström ◽  
Suna Bensch
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Higher Order Theory ◽  
Communicative Actions ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Novel Model

Abstract As robots become more and more capable and autonomous, there is an increasing need for humans to understand what the robots do and think. In this paper, we investigate what such understanding means and includes, and how robots can be designed to support understanding. After an in-depth survey of related earlier work, we discuss examples showing that understanding includes not only the intentions of the robot, but also desires, knowledge, beliefs, emotions, perceptions, capabilities, and limitations of the robot. The term understanding is formally defined, and the term communicative actions is defined to denote the various ways in which a robot may support a human’s understanding of the robot. A novel model of interaction for understanding is presented. The model describes how both human and robot may utilize a first or higher-order theory of mind to understand each other and perform communicative actions in order to support the other’s understanding. It also describes simpler cases in which the robot performs static communicative actions in order to support the human’s understanding of the robot. In general, communicative actions performed by the robot aim at reducing the mismatch between the mind of the robot, and the robot’s inferred model of the human’s model of the mind of the robot. Based on the proposed model, a set of questions are formulated, to serve as support when developing and implementing the model in real interacting robots.

The Cartesians

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Ott
Keyword(s):  
Direct Realism ◽  
Brain Image ◽  
Natural Geometry ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Antoine Arnauld ◽  
Sensible Qualities ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Independent Existence ◽  
Extended Bodies

This chapter examines the crisis of perception as it figures in the work of four of Descartes’s immediate successors: Louis de la Forge, Robert Desgabets, Pierre-Sylvain Régis, and Antoine Arnauld. La Forge opts for a version of Descartes’s last view, which has no place for natural geometry. Desgabets defends a version of Descartes’s earliest view, which requires the mind to turn to the brain image. Régis thinks we sense colors and sounds and the rest and then use these to imagine extension. Arnauld’s case is especially problematic, since he rejects the mind-independent existence of sensible qualities but seems committed to some version of direct realism. He is then left with the question how the mind projects these illusory states on to extended bodies, a question for which he has no answer.

scholarly journals [MIND AND BRAIN IN PHILOSOPHY AND NEUROSCIENCES]

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Nannini
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Folk Psychology ◽  
Body Problem ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
Mind Body Problem ◽  
The Mind

[After a brief review of the solutions given to the mind-body problem by philosophers I propose a naturalistic-materialistic solution that is based on a collaboration between the philosophy of mind and neurosciences. According to this solution the three fundamental characteristics of every human state of consciousness – that is, having a content and being conscious and self-conscious - are identified with three higher order properties of brain dynamics from an ontological point of view, although each of them can be described and explained in the language of neuroscience, cognitive psychology and folk-psychology.]

Port-Royal Mantığı’nda Tasımsal Geçerliliğin Saptanışı

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Arman Besler ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Port Royal ◽  
Antoine Arnauld

Antoine Arnauld ile Pierre Nicole’ün Mantık veya Düşünme Sanatı – daha iyi bilinen takma adıyla Port-Royal Mantığı – kitabı, geleneksel terim mantığının gelişim tarihinde en az iki bakımdan önemli bir aşamayı temsil etmektedir. Birincisi, bu kitap, “eski” mantığı, René Descartes’ın bilgi ve varlık anlayışınca belirlenmiş olan modern felsefeye ayarlı hale getirmekte ve sonraki dönemlerin mantıkçıları için terim mantığının terminolojisini bir dereceye kadar yeniden tanımlamaktadır. (Terminolojiyle ilgili nokta, en belirgin olarak Immanuel Kant’ın mantık yazılarında takip edilebilmektedir.) İkincisi ve daha önemlisi, bu kitap, kategorik tasım kuramında geçerlilik denetimi/saptaması için kullanılan ve Aristoteles’e dayanan standart kanıtkuramsal yaklaşım yerine, Ortaçağlarda geliştirilmiş, daha çok semantik yönelimli olduğu söylenebilecek alternatif bir yaklaşımı ana öğreti olarak sunmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımda, geçerli tasım biçimleri, kategorik önermelerde geçen terimlerin semantik bir özelliği olan dağıtım fikrini merkeze alan az sayıda kural yoluyla tespit edilir. Bu yazının asıl amacı semantik yönelimli bu yaklaşımın özünü Port-Royal örneği üzerinden aydınlatmaktır. Öncelikle, Port-Royal mantıkçılarının ilgili kuralları geçerli tasımsal biçimleri saptamak için nasıl uyguladıkları, bağlantılı bazı kavramların ve sorunların ışığında, ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmaktadır. Sonra da Port-Royal mantıkçılarının (belki de Aristoteles’i izleyerek) altık tasım biçimlerini eleyişlerinin, semantik yönelimli yaklaşımın ruhuna uygun olmayan bir tutum oluşturduğu, dolayısıyla da Port-Royal Mantığı’nın bu yaklaşımın arı olmayan bir örneklemesi olarak görülmesi gerektiği savunulmaktadır.

Arnauld, Antoine (1612–94)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Nadler
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Divine Providence ◽  
Nicolas Malebranche ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Port Royal ◽  
Christian Religion ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Antoine Arnauld ◽  
Philosophical Writings

Antoine Arnauld, a leading theologian and Cartesian philosopher, was one of the most important and interesting figures of the seventeenth century. As the most prominent spokesperson and defender of the Jansenist community based at Port-Royal, almost all Arnauld’s efforts were devoted to theological matters. But early on, with his largely constructive objections to Descartes’ Meditations in 1641, he established a reputation as an analytically rigorous and insightful philosophical thinker. He went on to become perhaps Descartes’ most faithful and vociferous defender. He found Cartesian metaphysics, particularly mind-body dualism, to be of great value for the Christian religion. In a celebrated debate with Nicolas Malebranche, Arnauld advanced something like a direct realist account of perceptual acquaintance by arguing that the representative ideas that mediate human knowledge and perception are not immaterial objects distinct from the mind’s perceptions, but are just those perceptions themselves. His criticisms of Leibniz gave rise to another important debate. He also co-authored the so-called ‘Port-Royal Logic’, the most famous and successful logic of the early modern period. The underlying motives in all Arnauld’s philosophical writings were, however, theological, and his greatest concern was to safeguard God’s omnipotence and to defend what he took to be the proper Catholic view on questions of grace and divine providence

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