Structure and Integration in Notes from the Underground

PMLA ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph E. Matlaw
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Literary Creation ◽  
Literary Convention ◽  
As If

In the literature on Notes from the Underground the protagonist is always called “the underground man” (podpol'nyj chelovek), as if he were an archetypal entity, rather than “the narrator,” an accepted literary convention of the Icherzählung. The nomenclature is significant, for critics have treated the work as the turning point in Dostoevsky's development, ransacked it for philosophical, political, and sociological formulas, noted the profound psychology, but have never analyzed the Notes in detail as an artifact. By so doing critics distort the Notes structurally and substantively, because they concentrate on and overemphasize the first part of the work almost to the exclusion of the second, and because they accept and discuss the narrator's formulations in this part without analyzing them as the expression of a literary creation. The purpose of this study is to examine the unity of the Notes: to ascertain the relationships of its two parts; to indicate the thematic function of ordering episodes in a particular sequence; to note the recurrence of certain objects, the symbolism involved therein, and its effect on the unity of the Notes; finally, to assess the effect of artful integration on the apparent “meaning” of the work.

Namatjira, Albert (Elea) (1902–1959)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian McLean
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
History Of ◽  
Good Living ◽  
Central Australia ◽  
Aboriginal Art ◽  
Modern Landscape ◽  
Professional Artist ◽  
As If

Albert Namatjira was the leading artist of the modern Aboriginal watercolor art movement at the Hermannsburg (Ntaria) Lutheran mission in Central Australia. He was the first Aborigine to be recognized as a professional artist, to make a good living from his art, and gain national acclaim. The turning point in his life occurred in 1934, when two visiting landscape artists, Rex Battarbee and John Gardiner, exhibited paintings of the local scenery at the mission. Already a talented craftsman with a reputation at the mission for his artefacts and poker-worked designs, Namatjira was inspired by the exhibition to learn to paint his totemic landscape of the MacDonnell Ranges of Central Australia in the same modern landscape style. Namatjira’s paintings had a huge impact on the Western Arrernte, as well as on other Aboriginal artists and the wider Australian public. In depicting local ancestral sites in the pictorial language of Biblical illustrations, Namatjira’s paintings are a visual parallel to the Arrernte Bible, effectively translating their ancestral histories into a modern idiom. To this day, the Western Arrernte consider Namatjira’s style as their own, as if it embodies their collective identity and history of the place. His success is considered a milestone in Australian art and the beginning of the modern Aboriginal art movement.

JEREMIAH AT THE TURNING-POINT OF HISTORY: THE FUNCTION OF JER. XXV 1-14 IN THE BOOK OF JEREMIAH

2002 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-482
Author(s):  
Anneli Aejmelaeus
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Scholarly Work ◽  
Literary Creation ◽  
Book Of Jeremiah ◽  
Proper Consideration

AbstractThe present paper wishes to demonstrate the importance of two prerequisites of scholarly work on Jeremiah: (1) the proper consideration of the shorter text form of the Septuagint as an earlier edition of the book and (2) a flexible view concerning Deuteronomism in Jeremiah. In both respects, Jer. xxv 1-14 is a most illustrative text. The order of the text also plays a part: the oracles against the nations follow at this point in the Septuagint. My thesis is that the pericope at hand was formulated as an introduction to the oracles against the nations, as these were first introduced into the Book of Jeremiah. Being a purely literary creation, dependent on several other passages, it belongs to a later dtr orientated, redactional and compositional stratum in the Book of Jeremiah.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Heroine of North and South---Margaret Hale as an Independent Woman

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Ping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Woman Writer ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Independent Action ◽  
Literary Creation ◽  
Social Novels ◽  
First Time ◽  
North And South ◽  
Shed Light

<p><strong> </strong>Mrs. Gaskell is a very important woman writer in the 19<sup>th</sup> century in Britain, and she is famous for her social novels, in which she highlights complicated social conflicts. <em>North and South </em>is usually considered as the turning point of Mrs. Gaskell’s literary creation, in which she suggests for the first time that there should be a hope of a reconciliation between the working class and the bourgeoisie. Also, the author vividly depicted an independent woman with a sharp mind and a deliberate manner in the book, that is, Margaret Hale. She seems to be very special when compared with the women around her and very attractive to men for her peculiar thoughts as well as her beautiful looks. This thesis mainly analyzes the attractive heroine of the novel in three aspects: her independent character, her independent action and her independent thoughts. What’s more, the thesis aims to shed light on the characteristics a “New Woman” should be endowed with. The heroine, to some extent, is the author Mrs. Gaskell herself, rejecting inferiority to men and defending the rights to express themselves freely. All in all, this thesis tries to enlighten people on woman’s position in today’s society by deriving some inspirations from the literary work.</p>

scholarly journals Art. XI.—The History of Kilwa

1895 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Arthur Strong
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
History Of ◽  
As If

It would seem at first sight as if the history of a small African island were hardly worth the trouble of editing in its original and not very stylish Arabic dress. But it was a saying of Scaliger's that omnis historia bona, and no people seem to have realized the truth of this more than the Arabs. An event once recorded simply as and because it happened, may by the advance of time be brought into new clearness and significance. Once in possession of the fact we can agree upon the fiction at our leisure. And from this point of view we have every reason to be grateful that the influence of Islam tended to narrative rather than criticism, to veracity rather than profundity. In the present instance we have a record, scanty indeed and prosaic, but one to which in the excitement of the scramble for Africa we can hardly be indifferent. It is true that the author, after a fashion not uncommon in the East, conducts us to the crisis and turning-point of his story, and then suddenly relapses into silence, but not before we have seen and recognized “the intruder on his ancient home.” The arrival of Vasco da Gama opens a new chapter of history, of which, with its complications and surprises, we have not yet come to the end.

EcclesiasticaandRegalia: Papal investiture policy from the Council of Guastalla to the First Lateran Council, 1106–23

1971 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 69-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Wilks
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Henry V ◽  
As If

It is commonly asserted that in the early years of the twelfth century the medieval papacy was suddenly afflicted with a bad attack of apostolic poverty. The consensus of historical opinion accepts that a pope, Paschal II, who had already distinguished himself by launching crusades against both eastern and western Roman emperors, acted so much out of character that, when forced to deal directly with Henry V over the question of episcopal investiture, he abruptly and to the astonishment of contemporaries ‘decreed the poverty of the whole Church’. It was as if St Peter had hiccoughed, and for a brief instant the Roman church was assailed by self-doubt, tacitly admitting that centuries of criticism of ecclesiastical secularity were justified. The attempt by Paschal to renounce the regalian rights of bishops in February IIII has become regarded by many as the turning point in a process described as weaning the papacy away from strict Gregorian principles, permitting the introduction of a spirit of moderation and compromise which would eventually lead to the Concordat of Worms and ‘the end of the Investiture Contest’.

Economic Conditions in Fourth-Century Athens

1991 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. French
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
European History ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
New Era ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
The Future ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
As If

The flute players who in 404 B.C. celebrated the demolition of the Athenian walls with a hymn of joy for the liberation of Greece were thought to be hailing the dawn of a new era. It was an era in which Athens herself could participate, for even in defeat she had been spared the worst fate: her citizen population had not been butchered or enslaved; her land was not divided among alien colonists. Nevertheless the future which she faced was expected to be hard, in accordance with her humbled status. Her treasure was spent, her empire at an end; her losses in manpower had been terrible; the farming land which had traditionally been the economic basis of her existence, had been deliberately and extensively damaged. Thucydides in retrospect described the war as the most destructive in history: and Athens had ended as the loser. No wonder that historians have regarded the Peloponnesian War as a turning point of European history; and many have terminated their studies at this point, as if to divert their eyes from the tragic sight of Athens' decline into a new era of poverty and humiliation.

Improvement of an artificial test substrate technique for evaluation of em immunocytochemical labeling

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 762-763
Author(s):  
G. D. Gagne ◽  
M. F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Artificial Substrate ◽  
Chemical Fixation ◽  
As If

We recently described an artificial substrate system which could be used to optimize labeling parameters in EM immunocytochemistry (ICC). The system utilizes blocks of glutaraldehyde polymerized bovine serum albumin (BSA) into which an antigen is incorporated by a soaking procedure. The resulting antigen impregnated blocks can then be fixed and embedded as if they are pieces of tissue and the effects of fixation, embedding and other parameters on the ability of incorporated antigen to be immunocyto-chemically labeled can then be assessed. In developing this system further, we discovered that the BSA substrate can also be dried and then sectioned for immunolabeling with or without prior chemical fixation and without exposing the antigen to embedding reagents. The effects of fixation and embedding protocols can thus be evaluated separately.

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