XIV. The Social Status of Chaucer's Franklin

PMLA ◽  
1926 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Hall Gerould
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
The Social ◽  
Edward Iii ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject

An uncertainty as to the social position of franklins in general, and of Chaucer's Franklin in particular, has occasionally manifested itself since the early part of the nineteenth century. In 1810, Todd quoted an elaborate note from Waterhous's Commentary on Sir John Fortescue's De Laudibus Legum Angliae, which tended to show that franklins did not belong to the gentry. Todd was unable to square this with the fact that (Chaucer's Franklin was “at sessiouns,” since by a statute of Edward III, which he cited, justices were seigneurs, and that he was “ofte tyme” a knight of the shire, since by another statute members of parliament were “chivalers et serjantz des meulz vaues du paies.”) Todd was thus left in doubt as to the gentility of the Franklin. As a later examination of Fortescue's remarks will show, it is not he but his commentator who must be blamed for lowering the status of Chaucer's sanguine country gentleman. If Todd had been of firmer mind, or if he had studied the subject more deeply, he would not have left the matter in doubt—a trap for unwary feet in later times.

From the realism to the Real. The „suicidal gesture” in the photography Self Portrait as a Drowned Man by Hippolyte Bayard and in the painting The Wounded Man by Gustave Courbet

Tekstualia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (49) ◽  
pp. 65-78
Author(s):  
Justyna Pyra
Keyword(s):  
Art History ◽  
Social Position ◽  
The Real ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gustave Courbet ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Death Of The Author

The article begins with an analysis of two works of art: the photography Self Portrait as a Drowned Man by Hippolyte Bayard (1839–1840), which is one of the fi rst photographs in history, and the painting The Wounded Man by Gustave Courbet (1845–1854). Both these images use the same iconographic theme: the death of the author. This comparison leads to a refl ection about the intersections of photography and death, in an artistic as well as an anthropological sense. The similarity of the subject of both the works, and their rootedness in the time of creation, induce a variety of questions: what was the status of photography shortly after the invention of this medium? How did it affect the notion of art, the social position of the artist, the comprehension of realism, and fi nally – the perception of the world itself? The article tries to answer some of these questions by bringing out the picture of a specifi c moment in (art) history, when both man’s interest in death and the realist’s aspiration to create mimetic representations have found a new refl ection in art thanks to photography.

scholarly journals Review: Equal Participation of Women State Administration and Country Affairs

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Humera Naz
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychological Differences ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Natural Difference

The status and rights of women in the society is all time favorite subject of discussion among scholars. Islam not only presented comprehensive and fundamental rules and guidance for the social status and position of women but it also determines their field of life. In addition, with all rights are bestowed to women, which provide her chances to go forward in struggle of life. Indeed, Islam recognizes the principle of equality in all important matter of life but it does not ignore the physical and psychological differences of men and women. It gives them rights in accordance with the responsibilities in their respective fields, so that they would benefit the society as per their capabilities. Therefore an important subject regarding the women's right is "the equal participation of women in state affairs." The subject has divided our schools of thought in two groups; one is not ready to accept the participation of women in state affairs while other believes in same field of action for both men and women. However, there are clear instructions in Quran regarding the matter, according to which there is no difference between the civil rights of men and women however keeping in view the natural difference of both genders. Islam determines the rights and duties of both genders separately so that they would use spiritual and physical capabilities accordingly, to play an important role in progress and development of society.

Відображення суспільного статусу руської (української) мови у правових документах ХVI ст

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-62
Author(s):  
Irina Farion
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Language Functioning ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Social ◽  
Language Problems ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Main Language

Social status of the Rus (Ukrainian) language in the diachrony, namely in the 16th century, is the representation of the language-ethnical (national) consciousness of that time and the ability of the then Rus’ elite to legally maintain the main spiritual backbone of the nation, i.e. language, despite the loss of the own state. The subject of research is the evolution of the Rus language through the prism of signifi cant legal documents of the 16th century and identifying main language problems in the context of: 1. The creation of socio-demographic basis of the language functioning through the prism of opposition domestic-foreign; 2. The legal directions of the social status of the Rus language; 3. Defi ning motivational components of the struggle for the status of the Rus language. The main sources of research are the Statutes of Lithuania of 1529, 1566 and 1588, and the petitions of the Rus nobility to the king of Rich Pospolyta (the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth).

scholarly journals Mobilities: Physical and Social

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-173
Author(s):  
Ryan Sweet
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Social Position ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Our Mutual Friend ◽  
Mutual Friend

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the influence of prosthesis use on social mobility, challenging predominant utopian views regarding nineteenth-century prosthetics. It exposes the social restrictions underpinning prosthesis use, while showing how several writers challenged the status quo. Centring on a case study of Charles Dickens’s portrayal of the villainous wooden-leg user Silas Wegg in Our Mutual Friend (1864–1865), the chapter identifies how Dickens drew from anxieties surrounding the social position of amputees by presenting a wooden-leg user as a transgressive social climber. The chapter places Dickens’s representation of Wegg in context with his other depictions of prosthesis users and those found in his journals Household Words and All the Year Round. This chapter argues that stories such as Dickens’s ultimately problematize the logic of prosthesis use.

SUBJECTIVE SOCIAL STATUSES OF THE UKRAINIANS: CHANGES OVER TIME (2009–2019)

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-24
Author(s):  
ELENA SIMONCHUK
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Nominal Categories ◽  
Changes Over Time

The article examines the dynamics of social status self-evaluations of the Ukrainians based on two waves (2009 and 2019) of the Social Inequality module of International Social Survey Programme. Three types of social status self-evaluation in different biographical situations were noted: the current one (at the time of the survey), the retrospective one (of the parents’ family status) and the perspective one (status of oneself in 10 years’ time). They were measured through the respondents’ self-determination of their appropriate status on an imaginary 10-step social ladder. The noticeable changes for the better in the current social status self-evaluations of the Ukrainians are stated, which is visualized in changing the diagram of their distribution from pyramidal shape (where the lower-middle and the lowest positions are the basic ones) to the close to rhombus shape (where the majority is concentrated on the middle levels). The retrospective self-evaluations still demonstrate negative situation: the respondents mostly perceive the social status of parents’ families as higher than their current status. At the same time, the perspective self-evaluations of the Ukrainians are rather optimistic: majority of them hope to significantly increase their own status in the social hierarchy in the next decade. A connection between the class positions (both objectively and subjectively determined) and the status self-evaluations of three kinds was also studied. It is recorded that in both years of the survey this connection remains quite significant and expected in nature. Regarding EGP-classes: representatives of service classes and small owners had significantly higher current, retrospective and prospective self-evaluations than working-class people, primarily unskilled workers and farm labours. Regarding the subjective classes defined by nominal categories (upper middle, middle, lower middle, working, lower class): the higher the subjective class position a person has, the higher he/she evaluates his/her social status.

Chicago's Mecca Flat Blues

1998 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Bluestone
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Architectural History ◽  
Chicago School ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Domestic Ideology ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Point Of Departure

This essay explores the Mecca, one of Chicago's largest nineteenth-century apartment houses. Designed in 1891, the Mecca's innovative plan incorporated an exterior landscaped courtyard and two monumental interior atria. The form and meaning of these spaces diverged in important respects. The exterior courtyards appropriated aspects of the single-family residential form and domestic ideology. The interior atria relied on Chicago skyscraper models and their cosmopolitan approach to the possibilities of density. Exterior courtyards later proliferated, while atria appeared in only two other local residential buildings. Nevertheless, the Mecca's atria possessed a sense of place that deeply etched the building into Chicago's cultural and political landscape. The building became the subject of 1920s blues improvisation-the "Mecca Flat Blues." In the 1940s and 1950s tenants waged a decadelong Mecca preservation campaign. Housing rather than Chicago School aesthetics provided the preservationists with their point of departure. Race interesected with space and Mies van der Rohe's vision of modern urbanism to seal the Mecca's fate. The essay's methodology develops the social and cultural meaning of form. Moreover, it demonstrates the importance of pushing architectural history beyond the nexus of meaning created by original patrons and designers. We stand to learn a great deal about architectural and urban history by studying how people have defined and redefined, valued and devalued, their buildings, cities, and landscapes.

scholarly journals Przestrogi dla utopistów. Wizje optimum dóbr w historii idei w książce Andrzeja Waśkiewicza

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-167
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Sokół
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Thought ◽  
New Materialism ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Social Orders

The subject of this essay is Andrzej Waśkiewicz’s book Ludzie – rzeczy – ludzie. O porządkach społecznych, gdzie rzeczy łączą, nie dzielą (People–Things–People: On Social Orders Where Things Connect Rather Than Divide People). The book is the work of a historian of ideas and concerns contemporary searches for alternatives to capitalism: the review presents the book’s overview of visions of society in which the market, property, inequality, or profit do not play significant roles. Such visions reach back to Western utopian social and political thought, from Plato to the nineteenth century. In comparing these ideas with contemporary visions of the world of post-capitalism, the author of the book proposes a general typology of such images. Ultimately, in reference to Simmel, he takes a critical stance toward the proposals, recognizing the exchange of goods to be a fundamental and indispensable element of social life. The author of the review raises two issues that came to mind while reading the book. First, the juxtaposition of texts of a very different nature within the uniform category of “utopia” causes us to question the role and status of reflections regarding the future and of speculative theory in contemporary social thought; second, such a juxtaposition suggests that reflecting on the social “optimal good” requires a much more precise and complex conception of a “thing,” for instance, as is proposed by new materialism or anthropological studies of objects and value as such.

Inherited Charisma and Personal Qualities: Sayyids and religious reform in nineteenth century Multan

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-432
Author(s):  
DIEGO ABENANTE
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Religious Reform ◽  
The Social ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Status ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
Older Families ◽  
Stable Feature

AbstractIt has generally been acknowledged that Sayyids, through their real or imagined connection to the Prophet, have represented a key trans-regional dimension of Islam. In the Punjab, the status of the Ashraf has been reinforced by their role as custodians of the Sufi shrines. In the Multan region, Sayyids and Qureshis acted frequently as pir and sajjada nashin for many Sufi dargahs. Their position, however, did not go unchallenged. The Chishti Nizami revival in the late eighteenth and nineteenth century saw the growth of an alternative religious network that competed with older families both religiously and socially. This process directly challenged the idea of inherited charisma and the established social hierarchy. Although reform movements are often considered to represent a shift towards a universal dimension of Islam, connected symbolically to Arabia and to the figure of the Prophet, the Chishti Nizami revival in Multan can be seen rather as a vernacularisation of Islamic authority. The movement favoured the social ascent of local tribes and non-Arab Ashraf families. The alliance between these groups would become a stable feature in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and contributed to the social status of Sayyid families being questioned.

scholarly journals Status Loss: The Burden of Positively Selected Immigrants

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Engzell ◽  
Mathieu Ichou
Keyword(s):  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Individual Outcomes ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
The One

Immigrants experience an ambiguous social position: on the one hand, they tend to be positively selected on resources from the origin country; on the other, they often occupy the lower rungs of the status ladder in receiving countries. This study explores the implications of this ambiguity for two important individual outcomes: subjective social status and perceived financial situation. We study the diverse sample of immigrants in the European Social Survey and use the fact that, due to country differences in educational distributions, a given education level can entail a very different rank in the sending and receiving countries. We document a robust relationship whereby immigrants who ranked higher in the origin than in the destination country see themselves as being comparatively worse off. This finding suggests that the social position before migration provides an important reference point by which immigrants judge their success in the new country.

scholarly journals Modelling community formation driven by the status of individual in a society

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan E Snellman ◽  
Gerardo Iñiguez ◽  
Tzipe Govezensky ◽  
R A Barrio ◽  
Kimmo K Kaski
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Community Formation ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
Willingness To Compete ◽  
New Strategies

Abstract In human societies, people’s willingness to compete and strive for better social status, as well as being envious of those perceived in some way superior, lead to social structures that are intrinsically hierarchical. Here, we propose an agent-based, network model to mimic the ranking behaviour of individuals and its possible repercussions in human society. The main ingredient of the model is the assumption that the relevant feature of social interactions is each individual’s keenness to maximize his or her status relative to others. The social networks produced by the model are homophilous and assortative, as frequently observed in human communities, and most of the network properties seem quite independent of its size. However, we see that for a small number of agents the resulting network consists of disjoint weakly connected communities, while being highly assortative and homophilic. On the other hand, larger networks turn out to be more cohesive with larger communities but less homophilic. We find that the reason for these changes is that larger network size allows agents to use new strategies for maximizing their social status, allowing for more diverse links between them.

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