Learnèd and Learn'd

PMLA ◽  
1897 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-325
Author(s):  
George Hempl
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Usual Position

This paper is a part of a larger study on the general subject, ‘The Loss or Retention of Weak Syllables in English,’ which I shall publish at a later time.It is well known that there are words like aged, blessed, learned, in which the e is silent if the word is a participle, but is sounded if the word is an adjective. I am not aware that an explanation of this interesting phenomenon has been offered, other than the usual untenable one that it is “in order to distinguish” the parts of speech. It is my object in this paper to show (1) that this, as well as certain closely related phenomena, is based on the fact that our speech prefers a rhythm consisting of syllables alternately strong and weak, and (2) that this has produced different results in the adjective from what it has in the participle because the usual position of the adjective with reference to the other members of the sentence is not that generally occupied by the participle.

scholarly journals On degrammaticalization: Controversial points and possible explanations

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlotta Viti
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Closed Class ◽  
Semantic Component ◽  
Directional Change ◽  
Theoretical Conception

AbstractThis paper discusses the problem of degrammaticalization, that is, the exceptions to the unidirectionality of grammaticalization. After analyzing the criteria that allow us to distinguish between various instances of counter-directional change, two principles underlying degrammaticalization are identified; one is related to the type of language and the other to the type of target structures in which degrammaticalization occurs. Firstly, the targets of degrammaticalization are usually closed-class parts of speech with an abstract semantic component. Secondly, the languages in which counter-directional grammatical changes occur turn out to be deprived of an elaborate fusional morphology. These findings may also have an impact on the theoretical conception of grammaticalization, some of whose definitional properties are discussed. The paper ends with a discussion of a more controversial point, namely, counter-directional changes by folk etymology rather than by etymology proper.

scholarly journals Politics Representation and Symbolic Violence through the Discourse of Seram as Nusa Ina

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Flavius Floris Andries
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
False Consciousness ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Know How ◽  
Depth Interview

Political representation and symbolic violence through discourse Seram as Nusa Ina (Mother Island) are interesting phenomenon to be studied. This research was conducted with a qualitative method by in-depth interview and participation observation which aims to know how does this discourse view. The cultural study was applied in order to comprehend the manners of creating, producing, and disseminating the meanings from the perspective of non-Seram society and what their views on the discourse in understanding Moluccas universal identity. The process of data analysis by using the cultural studies approach generated the findings i.e the Nunusaku myth that legitimizes and strengthens Seram as Nusa Ina in society, and that there was a significant influence of myth and discourse in Moluccas identity formation universally in the form of folk songs or reliefs that always shade of Seram in represents the Moluccans. The discourse of Seram as Nusa Ina for the community of non-Seram, especially for Southeast people, is not substantial because they do not have emotional connection or relationship with the genealogy and cultural discourse. They have the other myth and the other own discourse about the myth itself such as Vernusang Island which was sinking in the formation of people’s live in the Southeast. Therefore, the discourse of Seram as Nusa Ina which is forced to become a part of the discourse of Southeast People is a form of a false consciousness as well as form of political representation and symbolic violence.

A Seventeenth-Century Polyglot Grammar

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Bertil Sundby
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Relative Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Skill ◽  
Language Philosophy ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Parallel Texts

Summary Jean Sterpin was a Frenchman who flourished in Copenhagen in the mid-nth century. His claim to recognition rests on his polyglot grammar, Institu-tiones Glotticæ (c. l668). Sterpin was acquainted with the language philosophy of Comenius, whose Janua Linguarum (1631) had set the pattern of the polyglot genre, with the work of Nathanael Duёz (fl. 1640–78), the polyglot lexicographer-grammarian, and with Erik Eriksen Pontoppidan’s Grammatica Danica (1668). The way in which Sterpin tackles the problem of teaching the grammar of three languages (French, English and Danish) and proficiency in four (incl. Latin) is superior to the schemes employed by Beyer (1661), Howell (1662), Smith (1674), and Colsoni (1688). His method of presentation is a skilful combination of typographic variation, Vertical alternation’, and the use of parallel texts. More important still, his description of the three languages involved is effected by interlanguage comparisons. The article touches on the parts of speech, case and gender distinctions, word-order, etc, but the strong and weak points of Sterpin’s contrastive-polyglot approach are best studied in his survey of English speech-sounds. Sterpin is sparing in his use of illustrative examples, the parallels he draws are not free from ambiguity, and his sound descriptions suffer from an imperfect understanding of the organs of speech. On the other hand, he shows practical skill in tongues, and his transliterations and ‘names’ of the letters of the four alphabets are no less ingenious than the contrastive layout as a whole. Especially helpful is a table of ‘diphthongues’ and ‘triphthongues’ on the basis of which it has been possible to assign the English long vowels their relative position in the vowel tract. In addition, there are comments on vowels in weak position and on consonants.

scholarly journals Basic levels of categorization: A comparison of selected English and Polish verbs

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
Olga Sokołowska
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Semantic Account ◽  
Cognitive Semantic ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Basic English ◽  
Basic Level

The phenomenon of basic level concepts in cognition and categorization, so crucial in the cognitive account of natural language is typically accessed via what is perceptually the most outstanding phenomena represented in many languages, at least those rooted in Proto-IndoEuropean (specifically English and Polish) by nouns fulfilling the criteria of basic terms, originally established for classifying color vocabulary. These are prototypical examples in the category of nouns – relating to countable, material objects. Nominal representation, according to Langacker (1987) is indicative of a given stimulus being perceived and conceptualized as a thing, i.e., a region in one or more cognitive domains (conceptions) established in the speakers’ minds. This is a rather self-imposing construal of physical, countable stimuli, which meet the good gestalt criteria, such as animals, plants, and man-made objects of everyday use. The semantic scopes of nouns representing such phenomena seem to overlap to a relatively high degree across languages, especially related ones, such as English and Polish, and finding the precise equivalents within them does not pose particular problems. This is hardly the case when it comes to phenomena represented by verbs and classifiable as processes in Langacker’s cognitive, semantic account of the division of words into parts of speech. A comparison of the meaning of selected basic English verbs and their closest Polish counterparts reveals serious discrepancies in a number of cases. Thus, certain basic English verbs representing common, everyday physical activities prove to differ considerably from their Polish counterparts with regard to their respective levels of schematicity/ specificity of meaning, and, in consequence, the range of cognitive domains involved in their semantic scopes. This is the case of such equivalent lexemes as płynąć/pływać – swim; sail; flow; float or break – łamać; tłuc; rwać; drzeć. In both cases, one language is quite specific while the other is much more schematic as regards the actual cognitive domains activated by corresponding words and the degree to which that activation in the stimulated conceptual blends depends on the lexical context in which the respective words are used. This indicates that even related languages spoken by communities from similar cultural circles may codify considerably different construals of the same nonmaterial phenomena, specifically processes.

scholarly journals Politics Representation and Symbolic Violence through the Discourse of Seram as Nusa Ina

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Flavius Floris Andries
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
False Consciousness ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Know How ◽  
Depth Interview

Political representation and symbolic violence through discourse Seram as Nusa Ina (Mother Island) are interesting phenomenon to be studied. This research was conducted with a qualitative method by in-depth interview and participation observation which aims to know how does this discourse view. The cultural study was applied in order to comprehend the manners of creating, producing, and disseminating the meanings from the perspective of non-Seram society and what their views on the discourse in understanding Moluccas universal identity. The process of data analysis by using the cultural studies approach generated the findings i.e the Nunusaku myth that legitimizes and strengthens Seram as Nusa Ina in society, and that there was a significant influence of myth and discourse in Moluccas identity formation universally in the form of folk songs or reliefs that always shade of Seram in represents the Moluccans. The discourse of Seram as Nusa Ina for the community of non-Seram, especially for Southeast people, is not substantial because they do not have emotional connection or relationship with the genealogy and cultural discourse. They have the other myth and the other own discourse about the myth itself such as Vernusang Island which was sinking in the formation of people’s live in the Southeast. Therefore, the discourse of Seram as Nusa Ina which is forced to become a part of the discourse of Southeast People is a form of a false consciousness as well as form of political representation and symbolic violence.

scholarly journals POPULISM AND LOCAL DEMOCRACY: A WINNING ANALYSIS ON PAIR CANDIDATE OF CELLICA – JIMMY IN KARAWANG REGENT ELECTION 2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61
Author(s):  
Maulana Rifai
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Democracy ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Campaign Strategy ◽  
Local Leader ◽  
Political Scene

The major victory of the Cellica-Jimmy couples in the elections of the Karawang regency's head of 2015 with 51% of the vote to frustrate the other five candidates is an interesting phenomenon to be examined. The rise of populist politics has seeped into the local political scene by addressing the issues of local leader and immigrants as political campaigns. This study uses qualitative methods with a critical analysis that aims to describe the existing symptoms or reality. The findings in this study confirm that the populist issue and the campaign strategy of the Cellica-Jimmy couple gain the sympathy and support of voters in Karawang. So it is directly proportional to their victory. Keywords: populism, local democracy, karawang regent election 2015 

scholarly journals Associative relations of Serbian adjectives in the free association verbal test

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Milena Jakic-Simsic
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Free Association ◽  
The Other ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Associative Relation ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Verbal Test ◽  
Quantitative Results

Previous research on the associative relations of adjectives is not unanimous in terms of whether participants more often respond by using nouns or adjectives in free association tests. On the other hand, when it comes to paradigmatic associative relationships, researchers agree that native speakers respond to adjective stimuli mostly by associations of opposite meaning, but generally do not state the percentage, since conclusions are often made on the basis of the dominant associate, and not upon the entire associative field. Therefore, 45 associative fields of adjectives of the Serbian language are analyzed based on the material obtained from two associative dictionaries, prepared on the basis of the responses of 800 participants (ranging from 18 to 25 years of age) and 1,200 participants of different ages (groups of 5, 9, 13 and 17 years of age, each of which comprised 300 participants). The aim of this study is to examine the ratio of syntagmatic and paradigmatic associations of adjectives, as well as the paradigmatic type of relation between the adjective-type stimuli and their associates (the closeness and the oppositeness of meaning and other types of associative relations). The material was annotated according to parts of speech, as well as according to the types of associative relations. The quantitative results showed that the associations of examined adjectives are slightly more frequently syntagmatic (52%) than paradigmatic (44%), while the oppositeness of meaning proved to be the most common as well as the strongest associative relation of commonly used adjectives of the Serbian language.

scholarly journals Notes on Pontobdella Muricata

1898 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hermit Crabs ◽  
Usual Position

A Pontobdella lived in my tanks for about six months of the present year. I first placed it in a wide shallow tank with a variety of Actiniæ and a few Hermit Crabs, but no fish of any sort. When first introduced the leech was very restless, and wandered all over the tank. After a day or so, however, he took up his abode on the glass, close to the surface. He remained in this spot about three months, and if disturbed would always go back to it. He never noticed any of the other animals, and did not appear in the least sensitive to the stinging power of the tentacles of the Actiniæ. I have frequently seen him plunge his head and neck in amongst the tentacles of a large Anthea cereus who lived near him, and he treated T. crassicornis with a like disrespect.So soon as the weather grew warm, the leech displayed signs of uneasiness, and finally left his place on the glass, and retired to a cool corner formed by the slate back and side of the tank, close to the syphons of the aerating apparatus, where he remained two months and a half.He never appeared to notice sticks or nets moving near him in the water, but would remain in his usual position, viz., the base fixed to the wall of the tank, the body sticking out horizontally for about half its length, and the fore part doubled under, so that the mouth was pressed against the under side.

Zeno on the Unity of Philosophy

Phronesis ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaap Mansfeld
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Theory ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Art Of Life

AbstractThe formula 'the elements of logos' in the Zeno quotation by Epictetus at Arrian, Diss. 4.8.12 need not, pace e.g. von Arnim, pertain to the parts of speech, but more probably means the elements i.e. primary theorems of philosophical theory, or doctrine. Theory moreover should become internalized to the soul and 'lived': philosophy is also the so-called 'art of life'. These theorems are to be distinguished but should reciprocally entail each other. Philosophy according to Zeno is both tripartite and one, and tripartite especially in that its parts (and subparts) cannot be transferred simultaneously: of necessity these have to taught and learned one after the other.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK SEDIMEN PERMUKAAN DASAR SUNGAI DAN LAUT DI DAERAH SUNGAI KUARO DAN TELUK ADANG KALIMANTAN TIMUR

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hananto Kurnio ◽  
Udaya Kamiludin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sand Fraction ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Silt Fraction ◽  
Coal Transportation ◽  
Depositional System ◽  
Transportation Channel ◽  
Very High ◽  
Unimodal Pattern

Fenomena menarik sedimen permukaan sungai dan laut dalam kajian alur transportasi batubara di daerah Teluk Adang Kabupaten Kuaro Kalimantan Timur menunjukkan adanya perbedaan-perbedaan tekstur, sebaran dan komposisi fraksi. Perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut dicoba diidentifikasi melalui tampilan-tampilan diagram histogram; posisi geografis dari contoh-contoh juga dapat membantu identifikasi perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut. Dari tampilan histogram tampak bahwa fraksi lanau dominan tersebar ke arah lepas pantai sedangkan fraksi pasir cenderung dominan ke arah sungai. Contoh sedimen dari tengah sungai cenderung berpola unimodal sedangkan sedimen tepi sungai lebih berpola bimodal dan polimodal. Kandungan material organik yang terlalu tinggi merupakan kendala untuk identifikasi rejim pengendapan karena pola histogramnya tidak menunjukkan keadaan yang sesungguhnya. Sedangkan sedimen hasil perangkap sedimen menunjukkan sistem pengendapan suspensi dari dominannya fraksi halus lanau. An interesting phenomenon of river and marine surficial sedimens in coal transportation channel studies in the area of Adang Bay, Kuaro Regency showed differences of texture, distribution and fraction compositions. The differences were tried to be identified through features of histogram diagrams; while geographical positions can also assist in identification of the differences. From histogram features revealed that silt fraction dominant to offshore while sand fraction distribute more to the direction of the river. Middle river samples tend to unimodal pattern compared to the riverside which show bimodal and polymodal. The very high contents of organic material is a constraint for identification of sedimenation regime due to improper histogram patterns. On the other hand, sedimen trap sedimens demonstrate suspension depositional system through recognition of silt dominances.

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