Daily Energy Budgets in Environmental Fluids

1965 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 363-370
Author(s):  
Jacob Verduin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Daily Energy

Flexible energetics of cheetah hunting strategies provide resistance against kleptoparasitism

Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 346 (6205) ◽  
pp. 79-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Scantlebury ◽  
Michael G. L. Mills ◽  
Rory P. Wilson ◽  
John W. Wilson ◽  
Margaret E. J. Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Viability ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Hunting Strategies ◽  
Direct Competition ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Balancing Energy ◽  
Individual Survival ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
Wild Dogs ◽  
Increased Activity

Population viability is driven by individual survival, which in turn depends on individuals balancing energy budgets. As carnivores may function close to maximum sustained power outputs, decreased food availability or increased activity may render some populations energetically vulnerable. Prey theft may compromise energetic budgets of mesopredators, such as cheetahs and wild dogs, which are susceptible to competition from larger carnivores. We show that daily energy expenditure (DEE) of cheetahs was similar to size-based predictions and positively related to distance traveled. Theft at 25% only requires cheetahs to hunt for an extra 1.1 hour per day, increasing DEE by just 12%. Therefore, not all mesopredators are energetically constrained by direct competition. Other factors that increase DEE, such as those that increase travel, may be more important for population viability.

Winter energy expenditure and the distribution of southern flying squirrels

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2548-2555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Stapp ◽  
Peter J. Pekins ◽  
William W. Mautz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Current Distribution ◽  
Basal Metabolism ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Flying Squirrels ◽  
Tree Cavities ◽  
Daily Energy

The southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) forms large aggregations inside nest-lined tree cavities to reduce exposure to winter temperatures. We measured oxygen consumption of individuals and grouped flying squirrels in Plexiglas and nest-box chambers in New Hampshire to determine savings provided by huddling and nest construction. Because G. volans breeds during late winter, we also measured energy expenditure of females during gestation and lactation. These data were used to construct daily energy budgets for flying squirrels during winter and to investigate the relationship between this species' cold tolerance and its current distribution. Flying squirrels had lower basal metabolism (0.95 cm3 O2∙g−1∙h−1) and rate of heat loss (0.11 cm3 O2∙g−1∙h−1∙ °C−1) than predicted according to mass. Peak reproductive costs (1 week postparturition) were 170% of nonbreeding requirements. At 9 °C, huddling in groups of three and six reduced energy expenditure by 27 and 36%, respectively. Compared with individuals without nests, nest insulation decreased heat loss by 37% for single squirrels and reduced lower critical temperature from 26.5 to 12.2 °C for groups of six. As estimated from our budget, aggregating reduces winter daily energy expenditure by 26–33%. At the northern range boundary, daily expenditure for squirrels using both aggregations and nests (2.5 times basal metabolism) and for females during peak lactation (3.9 times basal metabolism) was similar to estimates of maximal daily energy expenditure in the literature. We speculate that additional thermoregulatory costs and the decreased abundance of hard mast for winter caches prevent G. volans from occupying areas north of its current distribution.

scholarly journals Daily Energy Budgets of Avian Embryos: The Paradox of the Plateau Phase in Egg Metabolic Rate

1998 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurine W. Dietz ◽  
Meep van Kampen ◽  
Marcel J. M. van Griensven ◽  
Sijmen van Mourik
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Plateau Phase ◽  
Avian Embryos ◽  
Daily Energy

scholarly journals Nocturnal torpor by superb fairy-wrens: a key mechanism for reducing winter daily energy expenditure

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 20190211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex B. Romano ◽  
Anthony Hunt ◽  
Justin A. Welbergen ◽  
Christopher Turbill
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Malurus Cyaneus

Many passerine birds are small and require a high mass-specific rate of resting energy expenditure, especially in the cold. The energetics of thermoregulation is, therefore, an important aspect of their ecology, yet few studies have quantified thermoregulatory patterns in wild passerines. We used miniature telemetry to record the skin temperature ( T skin ) of free-living superb fairy-wrens ( Malurus cyaneus , 8.6 g; n = 6 birds over N = 7–22 days) and determine the importance of controlled reductions in body temperature during resting to their winter energy budgets. Fairy-wrens routinely exhibited large daily fluctuations in T skin between maxima of 41.9 ± 0.6°C and minima of 30.4 ± 0.7°C, with overall individual minima of 27.4 ± 1.1°C (maximum daily range: 14.7 ± 0.9°C). These results provide strong evidence of nocturnal torpor in this small passerine, which we calculated to provide a 42% reduction in resting metabolic rate at a T a of 5°C compared to active-phase T skin . A capacity for energy-saving torpor has important consequences for understanding the behaviour and life-history ecology of superb fairy-wrens. Moreover, our novel field data suggest that torpor could be more widespread and important than previously thought within passerines, the most diverse order of birds.

scholarly journals Steve G. Fancy; Daily energy budgets of caribou: a simulation approach

Rangifer ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Sven Skjenneberg (ed.)
Keyword(s):  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
The University

S.G. Fancy successfully defended his Ph.D. Thesis, «Daily energy budgets of caribou: a simulation approach», at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, on March 12, 1986.

Diving costs as a component of daily energy budgets of aquatic birds and mammals: generalizing the inclusion of dive-recovery costs demonstrated in tufted ducks

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 2131-2142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joep J. de Leeuw
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Tufted Duck ◽  
Allometric Relations ◽  
Metabolic Costs ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Different Types

Metabolic studies on freely diving birds and mammals are reviewed and allometric relations of diving costs are presented. A distinction can be made between three different types of diving costs: (1) metabolic rate during submergence, relevant in estimating aerobic dive limits, (2) average metabolic rate during diving and breathing intervals (MRd), and (3) diving costs as the excess over resting costs (EDC). EDC is the most comprehensive measure, integrating energy costs over entire dive series with subsequent longer term recovery from heat loss or anaerobic metabolism. Respirometry experiments with tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) diving in a 5.7 m deep indoor tank demonstrated that in this species diving costs, expressed as EDC, increased at lower water temperatures. MRd was not significantly related to temperature, and probably reflects only the hydrodynamic and not the thermoregulatory component of diving costs. In general, the usual practice of measuring metabolic costs only during diving activity seems insufficient to estimate the total costs of diving. Studies that include longer term recovery (e.g., doubly labelled water measurements over entire foraging trips) yield more complete estimates of diving costs. To take diving costs into account in an animal's energy budget, estimates of EDC are more appropriate than MRd.

scholarly journals Nocturnal Behavior of the Common Loon, Gavia immer

2008 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Paruk
Keyword(s):  
Night Vision ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Gavia Immer ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Large Lakes ◽  
Common Loons ◽  
Nocturnal Behavior ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
The Common

Very little is known about nocturnal activity of Common Loons (Gavia immer). Knowledge of both diurnal and nocturnal behavior is needed to gain a complete understanding of their ecology. I used night vision light intensifiers to observe nocturnal behaviors of Common Loons. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that, as visual predators, loons would not forage at night and also that they would spend the majority of their time resting (92%). Loons, however, were just as active locomoting (patrolling) during the night as they were during the day. This suggests daily energy budgets need to be reexamined to incorporate this overlooked aspect of loon behavior. Lastly, loons on large lakes with multiple loon territories spent more time locomoting than loons on lakes that had just a single pair.

scholarly journals Accelerometer informed time-energy budgets reveal the importance of temperature to the activity of a wild, arid zone canid

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Tatler ◽  
Shannon E. Currie ◽  
Phillip Cassey ◽  
Anne K. Scharf ◽  
David A. Roshier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Apex Predators ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Free Ranging

Abstract Background Globally, arid regions are expanding and becoming hotter and drier with climate change. For medium and large bodied endotherms in the arid zone, the necessity to dissipate heat drives a range of adaptations, from behaviour to anatomy and physiology. Understanding how apex predators negotiate these landscapes and how they balance their energy is important as it may have broad impacts on ecosystem function. Methods We used tri-axial accelerometry (ACC) and GPS data collected from free-ranging dingoes in central Australia to investigate their activity-specific energetics, and activity patterns through time and space. We classified dingo activity into stationary, walking, and running behaviours, and estimated daily energy expenditure via activity-specific time-energy budgets developed using energy expenditure data derived from the literature. We tested whether dingoes behaviourally thermoregulate by modelling ODBA as a function of ambient temperature during the day and night. We used traditional distance measurements (GPS) as well as fine-scale activity (ODBA) data to assess their daily movement patterns. Results We retrieved ACC and GPS data from seven dingoes. Their mass-specific daily energy expenditure was significantly lower in summer (288 kJ kg− 1 day− 1) than winter (495 kJ kg− 1 day− 1; p = 0.03). Overall, dingoes were much less active during summer where 91% of their day was spent stationary in contrast to just 46% during winter. There was a sharp decrease in ODBA with increasing ambient temperature during the day (R2 = 0.59), whereas ODBA increased with increasing Ta at night (R2 = 0.39). Distance and ODBA were positively correlated (R = 0.65) and produced similar crepuscular patterns of activity. Conclusion Our results indicate that ambient temperature may drive the behaviour of dingoes. Seasonal differences of daily energy expenditure in free-ranging eutherian mammals have been found in several species, though this was the first time it has been observed in a wild canid. We conclude that the negative relationship between dingo activity (ODBA) and ambient temperature during the day implies that high heat gain from solar radiation may be a factor limiting diurnal dingo activity in an arid environment.

scholarly journals Accelerometer informed time-energy budgets reveal the importance of temperature to the activity of a wild, arid zone canid

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Tatler ◽  
Shannon E. Currie ◽  
Phillip Cassey ◽  
Anne K. Scharf ◽  
David A. Roshier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Acceleration ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Free Ranging

Abstract BackgroundMovement is the major contributor to active energy expenditure in most vertebrates and it is regularly characterised by body acceleration that can be captured by animal-attached accelerometers (ACC). Overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) is a metric derived from ACC data, which can be used as a proxy for energy expenditure over fine time scales. MethodsHere, we used ACC and GPS data collected from free-ranging dingoes in central Australia to investigate their activity-specific energetics, and activity patterns through time and space. We classified dingo activity into stationary, walking, and running behaviours, and estimated daily energy expenditure via activity-specific time-energy budgets. We tested whether dingoes behaviourally thermoregulate by modelling ODBA as a function of ambient temperature (Ta) during the day and night. We used traditional distance measurements (GPS) as well as fine-scale activity (ODBA) data to assess their daily movement patterns.ResultsWe retrieved ACC and GPS data from seven dingoes. Their mass-specific daily energy expenditure was significantly lower in summer (288 kJ kg-1 day-1) than winter (495 kJ kg-1 day-1; p = 0.03). Overall, dingoes were much less active during summer where 91% of their day was spent stationary in contrast to just 46% during winter. There was a sharp decrease in ODBA with increasing ambient temperature during the day (R2 = 0.59), whereas ODBA increased with increasing Ta at night (R2 = 0.39). Distance and ODBA were positively correlated (R = 0.65) and produced similar crepuscular patterns of activity.ConclusionOur results indicated solar radiation and ambient temperature drove the behaviour of dingoes. Seasonal differences of daily energy expenditure (DEE) in free-ranging eutherian mammals have been found in several species, though this was the first time it has been observed in a wild canid. The negative relationship between dingo activity (ODBA) and Ta during the day implies that high heat gain from solar radiation is a factor limiting diurnal dingo activity in an arid environment.

scholarly journals Behavioral and physiological flexibility are used by birds to manage energy and support investment in the early stages of reproduction

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 767-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Vézina ◽  
Katrina G. Salvante
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Tissue Remodeling ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Phenotypic Flexibility ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Daily Energy

Abstract Interest in phenotypic flexibility has increased dramatically over the last decade, but flexibility during reproduction has received relatively little attention from avian scientists, despite its possible impact on fitness. Because most avian species maintain atrophied reproductive organs when not active, reproduction in birds requires major tissue remodeling in preparation for breeding. Females undergo rapid (days) recrudescence and regression of their reproductive organs at each breeding attempt, while males grow their organs ahead of time at a much slower rate (weeks) and may maintain them at maximal size throughout the breeding season. Reproduction is associated with significant metabolic costs. Egg production leads to a 22%-27% increase in resting metabolic rate (RMR) over non-reproductive values. This is partly due to the activity of the oviduct, an organ that may allow females to adjust reproductive investment by modulating egg size and quality. In males, gonadal recrudescence may lead to a 30% increase in RMR, but the data are inconsistent and general conclusions regarding energetic costs of reproduction in males will require more research. Recent studies on captive female zebra finches describe the impacts of these costs on daily energy budgets and highlight the strategies used by birds to maintain their investment in reproduction when energy is limited. Whenever possible, birds use behavioral flexibility as a first means of saving energy. Decreasing locomotor activity saves energy during challenges such as egg production or exposure to cold temperatures and is an efficient way to buffer variation in individual daily energy budgets. However, when behavioral flexibility is not possible, birds must rely on flexibility at the physiological level to meet energy demands. In zebra finches breeding in the cold, this results in a reduced pace of laying, likely due to down-regulation of both reproductive and non-reproductive function, allowing females to defend minimal egg size and maintain reproductive success. More research involving a range of species in captive and free-living conditions is needed to determine how phenotypic flexibility during tissue remodeling and early reproductive investment translates to natural conditions and affects fitness.

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