Applications of Electrophoretic Data in Avian Systematics

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald H. Matson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distances ◽  
International Union ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
Egg White Proteins ◽  
Particulate Form ◽  
Electrophoretic Data ◽  
Electrophoretic Techniques ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Systematic Relationships

AbstractThis paper is a survey of applications of electrophoretic techniques in ornithology, with an emphasis on post-1970 publications. The majority of electrophoretic studies of birds have been limited in a variety of ways. Many have dealt with "domesticated" species or have been limited to the examination of blood and/or egg-white proteins. Problems in comparing results from different studies have arisen because of: (1) dissimilar electrophoretic techniques; (2) varying numbers of taxa; (3) nonstandardized enzyme and locus nomenclature; and, especially, (4) different methods of data analysis. These methodological problems must be addressed in order to broaden the utility of electrophoretic data in avian systematics. I suggest that the enzyme names recognized by the International Union of Biochemistry be used exclusively and that a standardized locus nomenclature, comparable with that used in other vertebrate classes, be developed. The predominating use of allozyme characters can be supplemented by "isozyme characters" (e.g. different numbers of genes, heteropolymer assembly, and regulation of expression sensu Buth in press), which possibly could be applied to a determination of systematic relationships of higher-level taxonomic ranks. Allozyme and/or isozyme data should be retained in particulate form (i.e. not summarized as genetic distances). The use of outgroups to assign evolutionary direction is encouraged.

Microsized Graphite Sensors for Potentiometric Determination of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride in Pure Powder, Tablets, and Plasma

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1807-1814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nesrin K Ramadan ◽  
Hala E Zaazaa ◽  
Hanan A Merey
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
International Union ◽  
Electroactive Material ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Intact Drug ◽  
Sensitivity And Selectivity ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Chloride Matrix

Abstract Two cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (CZ) microsized graphite selective sensors were investigated with dibutylsebacate as a plasticizer in a polymeric matrix of carboxylated polyvinyl chloride (PVC-COOH) in the case of sensor 1, based on the interaction between the drug and the dissociated COOH groups in the PVC-COOH. Sensor 2 was based on the interaction between the drug and ammonium reineckate, which acted as anionic electroactive material in the presence of polyvinyl chloride matrix. The two sensors were constructed by using 2-hydroxy propyl β-cyclodextrin as an ionophore, which has a significant influence on increasing the membrane sensitivity and selectivity of both sensors. Fast and stable Nernstian responses of 1 × 10–5–1 × 10–2 and 1 × 10m–4–1 × 10–2 M for the two sensors, respectively, with slopes of 58.6 and 55.5 mV/decade, respectively, over the pH range 2–4 were obtained. The proposed method displayed useful analytical characteristics for determination of CZ in its pure powder form with average recoveries 99.95 ± 0.23 and 99.61 ± 0.34% for sensors 1 and 2, respectively, and in plasma with good recoveries. The sensors were also used to determine the intact drug in the presence of its degradate and, thus, could be used as stability-indicating methods. The obtained results by the proposed methods were statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained by the U.S. Pharmacopeia method; no significant difference for either accuracy or precision was observed. Results obtained with the two electrodes revealed their performance characteristics, which were evaluated according to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry recommendations.

scholarly journals Methods for the Determination of Allergenic Substances in Foods

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (Special Issue 1) ◽  
pp. S369-S371
Author(s):  
K. Tomková ◽  
F. Štumr ◽  
P. Dvorská ◽  
P. Šafářová ◽  
J. Rysová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Collaborative Studies ◽  
Egg White Proteins ◽  
Allergenic Proteins ◽  
Milk Casein ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin

Within the framework of the research project ELISA methods for the quantitative determination of allergenic substances in foodstuff and raw materials were developed. ELISA kits for allergenic proteins of milk (casein, beta-lactoglobulin and BSA) egg white proteins and mustard proteins were validated and collaborative studies were performed to prove the validation of the ELISA methods developed. Various methods of extraction were tested. The parameters as a limit of detection, as a limit of quantification, robustness, repeatability and accuracy were determined. A broad range of zero matrices for allergens were tested as well. The ELISA kits are suitable for the determination of allergens according to EU legislation Directive 2005/26/EC and Directive 2006/142/EC in the laboratories focused on this topic.

Effect of enzyme immobilization and in vitro digestion on the immune-reactivity and sequence of IgE epitopes in egg white proteins

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 6632-6642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Gazme ◽  
Karamatollah Rezaei ◽  
Chibuike C. Udenigwe
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immobilization ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Immobilized Enzymes ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Egg White Proteins

Immune-reactivity reduction of egg white proteins by free and immobilized enzymes and determination of degraded IgE epitopes.

scholarly journals ExcaliBAR: a simple and fast software utility to calculate intra- and interspecific distances from DNA barcodes

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84d ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansour Aliabadian ◽  
Vincent Nijman ◽  
Ahmad Mahmoudi ◽  
Mehdi Naderi ◽  
Ronald Vonk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
User Interfaces ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Software Algorithms ◽  
Software Utility ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Standard Marker

In the context of DNA Barcoding, sequences of standard marker genes for thousands and potentially millions of individuals and species are becoming available, requiring ever more efficient bioinformatic environments and software algorithms for analysis. We here present ExcaliBAR (Extraction, Calculation, Barcoding), a user-friendly software utility to facilitate one important initial step in DNA barcoding analyses, namely the determination of the barcoding gap between pairwise genetic distances among and within species, based on original distance matrices computed by MEGA software. In addition, the software is able to rename sequences downloaded via the standard user interfaces of public databases such as GenBank, without the need of developing and applying specific scripts for this purpose.

Systematic reassessments of fanged frogs from China and adjacent regions (Anura: Dicroglossidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2345 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASAFUMI MATSUI ◽  
NORIHIRO KURAISHI ◽  
JIAN-PING JIANG ◽  
HIDETOSHI OTA ◽  
AMIR HAMIDY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequences ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Mitochondrial 12S Rrna ◽  
Systematic Relationships

Systematic relationships of fanged frogs usually associated with Limnonectes kuhlii are assessed using 15 samples from Japan, Chinese Mainland and Taiwan, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia (Borneo), and Indonesia. Phylogenetic relationship inferred from the mitochondrial 12S rRNA, tRNA val , and 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that fanged frogs sampled are not monophyletic with the topotypic L. kuhlii from Java. Samples from Yunnan of southern China (L. bannaensis), northern Laos and central Vietnam, and those from Jiangxi of eastern China (L. fujianensis), Taiwan and Japan (L. namiyei), respectively, form monophyletic groups, and are collectively sister to the Thai sample (L. megastomias). All these samples, L. fragilis from Hainan of southern China, and a group of Bornean samples show unresolved relationships with Javanese L. kuhlii. From the resultant phylogeny and genetic distances found among samples, L. "kuhlii" from Taiwan and L. fujianensis, and L. "kuhlii" from northern Laos and central Vietnam and L. bannaensis, respectively, are surmised to be conspecific. These fanged frogs are morphologically similar to, but phylogenetically distant from, L. kuhlii sensu stricto. Limnonectes namiyei, L. fujianensis, and L. bannaensis are considered to have a common ancestor whose chromosome number was 2n=22, unlike L. fragilis, L. kuhlii and many other frogs with 2n=26 chromosomes.

scholarly journals Determination of Patulin in Apple Juice by Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan R Brause ◽  
Mary W Trucksess ◽  
Frederick S Thomas ◽  
Samuel W Page ◽  
J Burke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apple Juice ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
International Union ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Reversed Phase Lc

Abstract An AOAC International-International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry-International Fruit Juice Union (AOAC-IUPAC-IFJU) collaborative study was conducted to evaluate a liquid chromatographic (LC) procedure for determination of patulin in apple juice. Patulin is a mold metabolite found naturally in rotting apples. Patulin is extracted with ethyl acetate, treated with sodium carbonate solution, and determined by reversed-phase LC with UV detection at 254 or 276 nm. Water, water-tetrahydrofuran, or water-acetonitrile was used as mobile phase. Levels determined in spiked test samples were 20, 50,100, and 200 μg/L. A test sample naturally contaminated at 31 μg/L was also included. Twenty-two collaborators in 10 countries analyzed 12 test samples of apple juice. Recoveries averaged 96%, with a range of 91-108%. Repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 10.9 to 53.8%. The reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) ranged from 15.1 to 68.8%. The LC method for determination of patulin in apple juice has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

Distribution and expression of the Ade multidrug efflux systems inAcinetobacter baumanniiclinical isolates

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 794-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirawit Pagdepanichkit ◽  
Chanwit Tribuddharat ◽  
Rungtip Chuanchuen
Keyword(s):  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Multidrug Efflux ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Transcription Level ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
Carbonyl Cyanide ◽  
Regulatory Mutations ◽  
Multiple Drugs

One hundred Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates were examined for inhibitory effect of reserpine and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) on the antimicrobial susceptibility and expression of 4 resistant–nodulation–cell division (RND)-type multidrug efflux systems, including AdeABC, AdeDE, AdeIJK, and AdeFGH, using RT-PCR. Ten A. baumannii isolates expressing AdeABC, AdeIJK, or AdeFGH were randomly selected for determination of transcription level and regulatory mutations. While all the isolates were resistant to multiple drugs, the reserpine and CCCP experiment showed that the multidrug resistance phenotype in most A. baumannii isolates was associated with efflux pumps. Most isolates expressed at least one of the RND-type efflux pumps tested (97%). AdeIJK expression was most common (97%), but none of the isolates produced AdeDE. Fifty-two percent of the A. baumannii isolates simultaneously produced up to 3 RND-type efflux systems (i.e., AdeABC, AdeFGH, and AdeIJK). No good correlation between the expression of RND-type efflux pumps and the type of antimicrobial resistance was observed. Overexpression of AdeABC, AdeIJK, and AdeFGH was not always related to the presence of mutations in their corresponding regulatory genes. This study highlights (i) the universal presence of the RND-type efflux pumps with variable levels of expression level among the A. baumannii in this collection and (ii) the complexity of their regulation of expression.

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