Musical Schemata in Real-Time Listening to a Piece of Music

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iréne Deliège ◽  
Marc Mélen ◽  
Diana Stammers ◽  
Ian Cross
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Declarative Knowledge ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Tonal Structure ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
The Third ◽  
Recent Memory ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Temporal Location

A series of experiments investigated cognitive processes involved in listening to a piece of music, focusing in particular on the abstraction of surface features (here referred to as cues). Subjects listened to an unfamiliar piece in a familiar musical idiom, and their sensitivities to aspects of the just-heard piece were used to elucidate the nature of their representations of the piece in recent memory. The study also sought to assess the capacities of subjects to use any declarative knowledge of aspects of tonal structure that they possessed in organizing musical material. Three experiments made use of different procedures to address these issues, using either a single short tonal piece—Schubert's Valse sentimentale, D. 779, op. 50, no. 6—or a variant of this. The first two experiments used nonmusician subjects and examined (1) the cues abstracted in listening to the piece and (2) subjects' ability to identify the temporal location of segments of the piece after listening. The third experiment explored the constructional abilities of musician and nonmusician subjects, requiring them to create a coherent piece by ordering the segments that made up the original piece. The results of these experiments indicated that although the abilities of musicians differed from those of nonmusicians, both groups of subjects exhibited a weaker sensitivity to features of musical structure than to cues abstracted from the musical surface.

Do Event-Related Brain Potentials Reflect Mental (Cognitive) Operations?

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Kotchoubey
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

Abstract Most cognitive psychophysiological studies assume (1) that there is a chain of (partially overlapping) cognitive processes (processing stages, mechanisms, operators) leading from stimulus to response, and (2) that components of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) may be regarded as manifestations of these processing stages. What is usually discussed is which particular processing mechanisms are related to some particular component, but not whether such a relationship exists at all. Alternatively, from the point of view of noncognitive (e. g., “naturalistic”) theories of perception ERP components might be conceived of as correlates of extraction of the information from the experimental environment. In a series of experiments, the author attempted to separate these two accounts, i. e., internal variables like mental operations or cognitive parameters versus external variables like information content of stimulation. Whenever this separation could be performed, the latter factor proved to significantly affect ERP amplitudes, whereas the former did not. These data indicate that ERPs cannot be unequivocally linked to processing mechanisms postulated by cognitive models of perception. Therefore, they cannot be regarded as support for these models.

The Third Generation of Real-Time Virtual Sonography for Navigation in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. S136
Author(s):  
Y. Eso ◽  
A. Sakamoto ◽  
S.G. Kim ◽  
S. Saito ◽  
H. Nishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third

scholarly journals Ultrasonography: The Third Eye of Anaesthesiologist

2021 ◽  
pp. 235-238
Author(s):  
Kirti Gujarkar Mahatme ◽  
Pratibha Deshmukh ◽  
Parag Sable ◽  
Vivek Chakole
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Difficult Airway ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Endotracheal Intubation ◽  
Regional Anesthesia ◽  
Chronic Pain Management ◽  
The Third ◽  
Safe Anesthesia

Anesthesiology is an evolving branch. Most of the procedures done by anesthesiologists, are blind except for endotracheal intubation. Ultrasonography (USG) helps anesthesiologists to see the actual anatomy in real time and thus helps them to give safe anesthesia minimizing the complications in every aspect of the field like difficult airway, vascular access, regional anesthesia, chronic pain management and critical care.

scholarly journals Detection of Yeast-like Symbionts in Brown Planthopper Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties Combining DGGE and Absolute Quantitative Real-Time PCR

Insects ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Chengling Lai ◽  
Yun Hou ◽  
Peiying Hao ◽  
Kun Pang ◽  
Xiaoping Yu
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Nymphal Instar ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Minimum Number

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is a serious pest of rice throughout Asia. Yeast-like symbionts (YLS) are endosymbionts closely linked with the development of BPH and the adapted mechanism of BPH virulence to resistant plants. In this study, we used semi-quantitative DGGE and absolute quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to quantify the number of the three YLS strains (Ascomycetes symbionts, Pichia-like symbionts, and Candida-like symbionts) that typically infect BPH in the nymphal stages and in newly emerged female adults. The quantities of each of the three YLS assessed increased in tandem with the developing nymphal instar stages, peaking at the fourth instar stage, and then declined significantly at the fifth instar stage. However, the amount of YLS present recovered sharply within the emerging adult females. Additionally, we estimated the quantities of YLS for up to eight generations after their inoculation onto resistant cultivars (Mudgo, ASD7, and RH) to reassociate the dynamics of YLS with the fitness of BPH. The minimum number of each YLS was detected in the second generation and gradually increased from the third generation with regard to resistant rice varieties. In addition, the Ascomycetes symbionts of YLS were found to be the most abundant of the three YLS strains tested for all of the development stages of BPH.

scholarly journals Where You End and I Begin: Cognition and Continuity in Experimental Improvised Music and Dance

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Williams ◽  
Martin Sonderkamp
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Situated Cognition ◽  
Program Notes ◽  
Improvised Music

When we improvise together in music and dance, our bodies, instruments, and environments not only interact; they become mutually dependent. A bassist's shoulder shifts, bow slides, instrument rings . . . vibrations bounce off the walls, reach the dancer's inner ear, filling the lungs, lunging toward the bassist's shoulder: these sounds, movements, spaces, and perceptions form a real-time feedback loop that blurs where you end and I begin. Recent research in embodied and situated cognition by scholars such as Clark and Chalmers (1998), Gallagher (2005, 2007), Hutchins (1995), Noë (2004), and Suchman (2007) provides a theoretical foundation for formalizing this continuity. This literature has inspired us to reconsider how cognitive processes we tacitly know within a specific aesthetic framework are in fact at work throughout everyday life. In four videos taken from an hour-long studio session recorded in February 2012, we explore these processes once again in our own practice, and offer reflections in the form of program notes that invite the audience to perform these connections themselves.

A Fundamental Cognitive Taxonomy for Cognition Aids

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 865-873
Author(s):  
Anne Collins McLaughlin ◽  
Vicky E. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Declarative Knowledge ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Cognitive Aids ◽  
Basic Level

Objective This study aimed to organize the literature on cognitive aids to allow comparison of findings across studies and link the applied work of aid development to psychological constructs and theories of cognition. Background Numerous taxonomies have been developed, all of which label cognitive aids via their surface characteristics. This complicates integration of the literature, as a type of aid, such as a checklist, can provide many different forms of support (cf. prospective memory for steps and decision support for alternative diagnoses). Method In this synthesis of the literature, we address the disparate findings and organize them at their most basic level: Which cognitive processes does the aid need to support? Which processes do they support? Such processes include attention, perception, decision making, memory, and declarative knowledge. Results Cognitive aids can be classified into the processes they support. Some studies focused on how an aid supports the cognitive processes demanded by the task (aid function). Other studies focused on supporting the processes needed to utilize the aid (aid usability). Conclusion Classifying cognitive aids according to the processes they support allows comparison across studies in the literature and a formalized way of planning the design of new cognitive aids. Once the literature is organized, theory-based guidelines and applied examples can be used by cognitive aid researchers and designers. Application Aids can be designed according to the cognitive processes they need to support. Designers can be clear about their focus, either examining how to support specific cognitive processes or improving the usability of the aid.

scholarly journals Application of Logging While Drilling Tool in Formation Boundary Detection and Geo-steering

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaoyang Zhu ◽  
Muzhi Gao ◽  
Fanmin Kong ◽  
Kang Li
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Forward Modeling ◽  
Forward Algorithm ◽  
Drilling Tool ◽  
Line Search Method ◽  
Layered Formation ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Logging While Drilling ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost

Logging while drilling (LWD) plays a crucial role in geo-steering, which can determine the formation boundary and resistivity in real time. In this study, an efficient inversion, which can accurately invert formation information in real time on the basis of fast-forward modeling, is presented. In forward modeling, the Gauss–Legendre quadrature combined with the continued fraction method is used to calculate the response of the LWD instrument in a layered formation. In inversion modeling, the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm, combined with the line search method of the Armijo criterion, are used to minimize the cost function, and a constraint algorithm is added to ensure the stability of the inversion. A positive and negative sign is added to the distance parameter to determine whether the LWD instrument is located above or below the formation boundary. We have carried out a series of experiments to verify the accuracy of the inversion. The experimental results suggest that the forward algorithm can make the infinite integral of the Bessel function rapidly converge, and accurately obtain the response of the LWD instrument in a layered formation. The inversion can accurately determine the formation resistivity and boundary in real time. This is significant for geological exploration.

scholarly journals The kinetics of the combination of hydrogen and oxygen

1928 ◽  
Vol 118 (779) ◽  
pp. 170-183 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Catalytic Reaction ◽  
Chemical Change ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Fundamental Interest ◽  
The Third ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Kinetics Of

Although there are few gaseous reactions of more fundamental interest than the union of hydrogen and oxygen, it can hardly be said that the kinetics of this combination are at all completely understood. Many investigations have been made of the catalytic reaction which occurs in contact with various surfaces, and of the phenomena accompanying the production of flame or explosion in the gas. Little is known about the conditions governing the rate of the actual chemical change in the gas phase, because although flames and explosions depend very much upon these they are determined by a great many other factors as well. In 1899 Bodenstein, following up some work initiated by Victor Meyer, made a long series of experiments by streaming mixtures of the two gases through porcelain vessels, heated to a constant temperature, and then analysing the products. He came to the conclusion that the reaction is of the third order, following the equation d [H 2 O]/ dt = k [H 2 ] 2 [O 2 ]. Since the rate of combination was very different in different vessels, he inferred that the reaction was taking place almost entirely on the surface of the vessel.

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