Tonal Hierarchies and Rare Intervals in Music Cognition

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol L. Krumhansl
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Order ◽  
Music Cognition ◽  
Pitch Perception ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
The Third ◽  
Limited Applicability ◽  
Stimulus Materials ◽  
Psychological Experiments

Four issues raised by Butler's (1989) commentary are addressed. The first issue is the possibility that the results of perceptual studies of tonal hierarchies can be attributed to task-specific strategies developed in response to particular stimuli. Such strategies cannot account for the convergence across experiments employing varied tasks and stimulus materials. The second issue is the correspondence between statistical summaries of music and perceptual data. The correspondence is shown to be quite general and to have implications for the acquisition of tonal knowledge. The third issue is the process listeners use to identify the tonal center. Patternmatching to tonal hierarchies is shown to be a plausible process contributing to key-finding, whereas a tritone rule has limited applicability. The final issue is the effect of temporal order on pitch perception. Principled temporal-order effects are found in many psychological experiments, but not in those focusing on the tritone relation.

scholarly journals What if I had a third arm? An EEG study of a supernumerary BCI system

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime A. Riascos ◽  
David Steeven Villa ◽  
Anderson Maciel ◽  
Luciana Nedel ◽  
Dante Barone
Keyword(s):  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Task Load ◽  
The Third ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Robotic Prosthesis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Bci System ◽  
Psychological Experiments

AbstractMotor imagery Brain-Computer Interface (MI-BCI) enables bodyless communication by means of the imagination of body movements. Since its apparition, MI-BCI has been widely used in applications such as guiding a robotic prosthesis, or the navigation in games and virtual reality (VR) environments. Although psychological experiments, such as the Rubber Hand Illusion - RHI, suggest the human ability for creating body transfer illusions, MI-BCI only uses the imagination of real body parts as neurofeedback training and control commands. The present work studies and explores the inclusion of an imaginary third arm as a part of the control commands for MI-BCI systems. It also compares the effectiveness of using the conventional arrows and fixation cross as training step (Graz condition) against realistic human hands performing the corresponding tasks from a first-person perspective (Hands condition); both conditions wearing a VR headset. Ten healthy subjects participated in a two-session EEG experiment involving open-close hand tasks, including a third arm that comes out from the chest. The EEG analysis shows a strong power decrease in the sensory-motor areas for the third arm task in both training conditions. Such activity is significantly stronger for Hands than Graz condition, suggesting that the realistic scenario can reduce the abstractness of the third arm and improve the generation of motor imagery signals. The cognitive load is also assessed both by NASA-TLX and Task Load index.

The heavens are declaring the glory of God: Contemporary teleological arguments

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-258
Author(s):  
John M. DePoe
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
The Third ◽  
Teleological Argument ◽  
Christian Apologetics ◽  
Argument From Design ◽  
The Universe

This article presents an overview of various formations of contemporary teleological arguments with a brief historical background. The fine-tuning argument and three of its most well-known objections are considered first. Next, the argument from design based on the origins of life is presented. The third teleological argument is based on the temporal order of the universe. The final section of the article considers and responds to well-known objections commonly raised against design arguments. The conclusion is that the contemporary versions of the teleological argument have a positive role to play in Christian apologetics despite some of their limitations.

Prenegotiation Development of Optimism in Intractable Conflict

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean G. Pruitt
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Case Material ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Intractable Conflict ◽  
The Third ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Psychological Experiments

Except when there is substantial third-party pressure for settlement, participants in intractable conflict will only enter negotiation if they are motivated to end the conflict and optimistic about negotiation’s chances of success. The sources of such optimism are explored using case material from three intractable interethnic conflicts that were ultimately resolved by negotiation. In all three cases, optimism developed during prenegotiation communication between the parties. Also there were two main channels of communication, each channel providing credibility to the other and serving as a back-up if the other failed. In two of the cases the communication was face-to-face and friendly, but in the third it was distant and mediated by a chain of two intermediaries. A possible reason for this difference is that the parties were positively interdependent in the first two cases but not in the third. The paper concludes with a summary of three psychological experiments that demonstrate the impact of positive vs. negative interdependence.

Temporal and causal order effects in thinking about what might have been

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1295-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Segura ◽  
Pablo Fernandez-Berrocal ◽  
Ruth M. J. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Order ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Temporal Sequence ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Causal Order ◽  
Recent Event ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Causal Sequence

When people think counterfactually about what might have been different for a sequence of events, they are influenced by the order in which the events occurred. They tend to mentally undo the most recent event in a temporal sequence of two events. But they tend to mentally undo the first event in a causal sequence of four events. We report the results of two experiments that show that the temporal and causal order effects are not dependent on the number of events in the sequence. Our first experiment, with 300 participants, shows that the temporal order effect occurs for sequences with four events as well as for sequences with two events. Our second experiment, with 372 participants, shows that the causal order effect occurs for sequences with two events as well as for sequences with four events. We discuss the results in terms of the mental representations that people construct of temporal and causal sequences.

scholarly journals Action, Enaction, Inter(en)action

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Schiavio
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Electronic Music ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
Music Cognition ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Third ◽  
Insight Into

<p>Leman and Maes offer a comprehensive review of the main theoretical and empirical themes covered by the research on <em>music</em> and <em>embodied cognition</em>. Their article provides an insight into the work being carried at the Institute for Psychoacoustic and Electronic Music (IPEM) of Ghent University, Belgium - in which they work - and presents a theory of the main implications of embodiment for music perception. The present paper is divided into three parts. In the first one, I will explore the conceptual topography of embodied music cognition as maintained by the authors, to see whether the empirical research proposed fits the aims of this standpoint. In the second I will argue that while Leman and Maes are right to move towards a more dynamically implemented stance, the arguments used to justify this shift seem to be inconsistent with the framework they account for. In the third and final part of this commentary I will claim that if the authors wish to dedicate their work to develop a truly embodied, sensorimotor, and dynamic account to music cognition, they would need to abandon some of the assumptions defended in their work, searching for further empirical corroboration in the concrete dynamics of interactive, or <em>participatory</em>, musical sense-making.</p>

Choosing Stimulus Materials for Eliciting Language Samples from Children with Language Disorders

1978 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon L. James ◽  
Marjorie Button
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Condition ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance ◽  
Stimulus Materials

Language samples were elicited from seven children with language disorders in three different stimulus conditions. In one condition, the children talked about toys taken from the clinic’s stock; in another, they talked about toys brought from home; and in the third, there were no stimulus materials present and the examiner engaged the children in conversation. The samples were analyzed for mean length of utterance (MLU), syntactic complexity (Lee’s DSS), and the number of scorable DSS and MLU utterances elicited in the first 15 min of each stimulus condition. Results indicated that the stimulus condition had no significant effect on the children’s DSS or MLU scores. The familiar-toy and conversation-only conditions were more efficient in eliciting scorable utterances for the MLU measure than clinic toys.

The Expression of Temporality in Basilang Speech

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Schumann
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Continuous Action ◽  
Temporal Reference ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Language Development ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Better Than

This paper examines the expression of temporality in the basilang speech (the earliest stage of second language development) of five subjects. Temporality is studied from three perspectives: morphology, semantics, and pragmatics. The first analysis determined the subjects' degree of target-like use of English morphology and demonstrated that these basilang speakers generally lack verb phrase morphology and do not have a tense system. The second analysis examined the subjects' utterances in terms of sentence-level semantics, classifying utterances according to (universal) categories such as completive versus non-completive action, habitual versus continuous action, and action versus states. The analysis showed that none of the subjects studied made tense or aspectual distinctions and that temporal marking was not accomplished by the form of the verb. The third analysis examined how temporal reference was made by the adverbials (now, tomorrow, always, prepositional phrases), serialization (the fixing of a temporal reference point and allowing the sequence of utterances to reflect the actual temporal order of reported events), calendric reference (dates, days of the week, months, and numbers), and implicit reference (temporal reference inferred from a particular context or situation). This taxonomy captured the expression of time at the basilang level of interlanguage development much better than the previous two analyses.

Influence of vowel height, intensity, and temporal order on pitch perception

1976 ◽  
Vol 60 (S1) ◽  
pp. S92-S92
Author(s):  
Chiu‐Kuang Chuang ◽  
William S.‐Y. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Order ◽  
Pitch Perception ◽  
Vowel Height

scholarly journals Birth order influence on the anthropometric properties of the boys from Tuzla region

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Jasminka Hadžihalilović ◽  
Amira Redžić ◽  
Rifat Terzić ◽  
Fatima Jusupović ◽  
Amir Hadžihalilović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
The Mean

Birth order and its effect on growth and development of children and youths have rarely been studied so far. The objective of this research was an analysis of the birth order effects on some anthropometric properties of the boys 11-16 years old. The sample consisted of 748 boysfrom the Tuzla region. As the sample included very few boys born as the third, forth, or fifth child, we decided to consider only the differences in the mean values for some anthropometric parameters between the groups of the first- and the second-born. Measurements were taken according to IBP and the following parameters were investigated: body height, body mass, chest circumference, upper arm circumference, upper leg circumference, sitting height, arm length, leg length, pelvis width, shoulders width, length and width of head. We established that in most generations the firstborn boys have larger mean values for most anthropometric variables in comparison to the second-born.

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