The Big Four at Sea: The History of the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company

1940 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Haskell Kemble
Keyword(s):  
History Of ◽  
Big Four

Sidelights on the Investment Policies of Stanford, Huntington, Hopkins, and Crocker

1942 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
Edwin T. Coman
Keyword(s):  
Graduate School ◽  
Stanford University ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
Good Fortune ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Big Four

Much has been written of the financing and development of the Central Pacific and Southern Pacific railroads. There is little information available regarding the investment policies and types of investments made by the “Big Four” subsequent to the eompletion of the Central Pacific. Stuart Daggett, in his book The History of the Southern Pacific, makes the statement that it is doubtful whether the history of the construction companies will ever be told. It has been my good fortune to acquire for the Library of the Graduate School of Business at Stanford University 279 ledgers, journals, and minute books, 42 transfer cases of correspondence, and 150 drawers of vouchers, all dealing with subsidiary companies. In general, these records show how Stanford, Huntington, Hopkins, and Crocker continued the investment of the large sums accruing to them upon the completion and successful operation of the Central Pacific.

The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time

2016 ◽  
Vol 107 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Szwedo
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Short History ◽  
Insect Order ◽  
History Of ◽  
Big Four

ABSTRACTThis paper outlines and discusses the fossil record of the Hemiptera – the fifth most diverse insect order. The diversity of these insects in comparison with the “Big Four” group is given, together with a short history of its classification. Updated information is presented about the fossil record of particular families, with a brief analysis. The main evolutionary traits of the major Hemiptera lineages are briefly described. The influence of biotic interactions with endosymbionts, shaping the evolution of the hemipterans as well as abiotic events and major global changes, is disputed. The innovations and perils of the evolutionary history of the Hemiptera are presented.

scholarly journals Global Sociology — Russian Style

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Sandstrom
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Sociological Tradition ◽  
Geographic Diversity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sciences Humaines ◽  
Pitirim Sorokin ◽  
Significant Figures ◽  
Big Four

Abstract. Although the sociological tradition in Russia reaches back to the late 19th century and is historically linked with western European sociological traditions, it is only since the end of the 1980s that contemporary Russian sociology has begun to blossom again and take tangible shape. This article elaborates the characteristic role that Russian sociology has played, now plays, and could possibly play in “globalizing sociology.” An integrative perspective or synthetic approach to knowledge most suitably defines the Russian tradition, placing sociology creatively between the humanities and natural sciences. This is partly due to the cultural and geographic diversity of a nation that crosses borders between east and west. Significant figures in the history of Russian sociology such as Pitirim Sorokin and Maxim Kovalevsky show how both importing and exporting sociological ideas constitute globalization, as well as the importance of traveling outside of one’s home nation to discover the views of other civil societies. The article gives an overview of problems, resources, and recent events in Russian sociology, highlighting lessons from Russia’s experience in the transition to democracy and from state to market. These two transitions pose significant challenges to academic autonomy for professional sociology that are widely shared in the discipline outside the Big Four of the United States, Britain, Germany, and France, further suggesting the potential importance of the Russian experience for globalizing sociology. Résumé. Bien que la tradition sociologique en Russie ait une histoire remontant à la fin du 19ième siècle et qu’elle soit historiquement liée aux traditions sociologiques d’Europe occidentale, c’est seulement depuis la fin des années 1980 que la sociologie russe contemporaine a commencé à se développer à nouveau et à prendre forme. Cet article traite du rôle caractéristique que la sociologie russe a joué, continue à jouer et pourrait probablement jouer dans le futur en termes de perspectives pour la ‘sociologie globale’. La tradition russe se définit le plus convenablement par une perspective intégrative ou une approche synthétique à la connaissance qui place la sociologie entre les sciences humaines et les sciences naturelles. Ceci est partiellement dû à la diversité culturelle et géographique d’une nation qui a des frontières avec l’Occident et l’Orient. L’étude de figures significatives de l’histoire de la sociologie russe tels Pitirim Sorokin et Maxime Kovalevsky montre comment l’importation et l’exportation des idées sociologiques constituent un élément de mondialisation. Mais, dans une telle étude, il faut galement s’attarder à l’importance du déplacement en dehors de sa nation d’origine à fin de découvrir les vues d’autres sociétés civiles. L’article donne une vue d’ensemble des problèmes réels, des ressources et des événements récents dans la sociologie russe. Il insiste également sur leçons de l’expérience de la Russie, un pays qui a connu une transition à la démocratie et au marché. Pour la sociologie professionnelle, ces deux transitions posent des défis significatifs à l’autonomie universitaire qui sont largement partagés dans la discipline en dehors des quatre grands que sont les États-Unis, la Grande-Bretagne, l’Allemagne et la France. L’expérience de la sociologie russe pour la mondialisation de la sociologie est doncpotentiellement importante.

The Bennington Summer School of the Dance Oral History Project, 1978–1979: A History of Sensibilities

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-46
Author(s):  
Sanja Andus L'Hotellier
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Summer School ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Dance History ◽  
Educational Project ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Big Four

In line with the thinking of Laurence Louppe calling for a reevaluation and problematisation of oral sources within a dance history framework, this paper sets out to examine the extensive archive of the Bennington Summer School of the Dance Oral History Project, conducted between 1978 and 1979 and housed today at Columbia University. By taking as a starting point the dancer's voice at the heart of the educational project conceived by Martha Hill and Mary Jo Shelly, a different dance history of the thirties begins to emerge, bringing to the fore the dancer's evolving experience that constitutes a true Bennington archive, set against the backdrop of the “Big Four” ultimately not part of the project.

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