Impact of Urban Growth: Change in a South Indian Fishing Community from 1965 to 1980

Ethnology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Norr ◽  
Kathleen L. Norr
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Fishing Community ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Growth Change

An investigation of hookworm infection and reinfection following mass anthelmintic treatment in the South Indian fishing community of Vairavankuppam

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa R. Haswell-Elkins ◽  
D. B. Elkins ◽  
K. Manjula ◽  
E. Michael ◽  
R. M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Fishing Community ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Ancylostoma Duodenale ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Hookworm Infections

SUMMARYHookworm infections, as assessed by counting worms expelled following anthelmintic treatment and by egg output, were found to be of low prevalence and intensity in a South Indian fishing community. The initial overall prevalence of infection in the community was 43%, and the average burden was estimated at 2·2 hookworms per person. The age profiles of prevalence and intensity differed between males and females, with the latter harbouring significantly higher levels of infection. Children of both sexes under 10 years of age rarely harboured hookworms. Treatment with pyrantel pamoate was estimated to be 91% effective in clearing hookworm infections. Egg counts made on stools collected during an 11-month period of reinfection indicated that female patients became reinfected soon after treatment, while little hookworm egg excretion was observed in males during the observation period following treatment. Females acquired a significantly higher number of worms during the reinfection period compared with males, although the average burden in females reached only 28% of the initial, pre-treatment level. The hookworm population consisted of predominantly Necator americanus, and less than 10% of Ancylostoma duodenale. The parasites were highly aggregated within the host population with 10% of the community harbouring over 65% of the total hookworms. Low values of the negative binomial aggregation parameter, k, (indicating extreme over-dispersion) were recorded in groups stratified by age and sex. Highly significant positive correlations were observed between the initial (pre-treatment) and reinfection worm burdens of female (but not of male) patients. It is suggested that occupational practices related to walking through areas contaminated with hookworm larvae play an important role in generating the observed patterns of infection within this community.

The importance of host age and sex to patterns of reinfection with Ascaris lumbricoides following mass anthelmintic treatment in a South Indian fishing community

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Elkins ◽  
Melissa Haswell-Elkins ◽  
R. M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fishing Community ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Males And Females

SUMMARYAnalysis of egg and worm counts of Ascaris recorded at various intervals following a mass anthelmintic treatment programme in a South Indian fishing community is presented. Three indices of infection in the community are compared, namely the prevalence and intensity of egg output (at 2, 6 and 11 months following treatment) and the number of worms expelled following an 11 month period of reinfection. Detailed examination of these measurements revealed significant associations with patient sex and age. The age-prevalence profile of Ascaris infection changed little over time (except immediately following treatment) with the peak prevalence found in the 5–9 year age group. Although 85% of both males and females harboured Ascaris initially, the prevalence following 11 months reinfection was decreased, due to a significantly lower proportion of males being reinfected. By the 11th month of reinfection, the age-intensity profiles of egg output were similar to those observed at initial treatment in the older age groups (10 years and above) and in male children (< 10 years). However, a dramatic increase in the egg output of female children, greatly exceeding the initial mean, was observed within a 6 month period of reinfection. The intensity of egg output did not accurately reflect the abundance of Ascaris recovered via drug-induced expulsion following an 11 month period of reinfection. Although the egg output attained preintervention levels, the average worm intensity reached only half the initial value. The trends in the sex- and age-intensity profiles were consistent at the two sampling dates and showed similar patterns to the egg output curves. The relevance of the results to helminth control and the monitoring of reinfection is discussed.

The distribution and abundance of Enterobius vermicularis in a South Indian fishing community

Parasitology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Haswell-Elkins ◽  
D. B. Elkins ◽  
K. Manjula ◽  
E. Michael ◽  
R. M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Fishing Community ◽  
Enterobius Vermicularis ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Parasite Abundance ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Worm Expulsion ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Pre Treatment

SUMMARYThe distribution and abundance of Enterobius vermicularis in a fishing community in South India, as determined by counting worms expelled following mass anthelmintic chemotherapy, was examined in samples of patients stratified by age, sex and family grouping. The results of a worm expulsion study in January 1984 are compared with those of a second expulsion programme in November 1984, following an 11-month period of reinfection. The prevalence of Enterobius infection was consistently high in all age groups of both males and females. A comparison of the overall prevalence and intensity of infection in the January and November surveys revealed significant increases in both the percent infected and the mean number of worms harboured in November relative to the initial level. No significant trends in the intensity of Enterobius according to host age or sex were detected in either survey. The frequency distribution of Enterobius was found to be highly aggregated in the population as a whole and within age groups. At both sampling dates, the most heavily infected 25% of the community harboured over 90% of the total pinworms recovered. There was a significant pattern within most age groups for individuals to re-acquire worm burdens of a similar magnitude to their initial pre-treatment burdens. Heavy infections were found to be associated with household. A selective or targetted approach to treatment of heavily infected individuals or households is likely to be an efficient means of reducing parasite abundance on a community-wide basis. It must be stressed, however, that treatment must be applied at frequent intervals in order to achieve a long-term reduction in pinworm abundance and to avoid the possibility of increasing the intensity of infection, as was observed in this community.

Local Knowledge and Marine Livelihoods Among the South Indian Fishing Community

2020 ◽  
pp. 002190962093152
Author(s):  
Dalibandhu Pukkalla ◽  
K.R. Rama Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Local Knowledge ◽  
South India ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Marine Ecology ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Fishing Community ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Marine Fishing

The phenomenon of local knowledge of the fishing community about fish ethology and conservation of existing natural resources are investigated in this article. It explores the inextricably intertwined aspects and long-lasting constructive dependence of marine resources with a symbiotic relationship as critical components for integration with marine ecology. Lastly, the paper emphasizes the significance of local knowledge beliefs and systems which promote natural marine conservation methods for increased economic prosperity. The study focuses on the Telugu marine fishing community in South India.

Optimal Methodology for Detecting Land Cover Change in a Forestry, Lakeside Environment Using NAIP Imagery

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-53
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Qiu ◽  
Dexuan Sha ◽  
Xuelian Meng
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Object Based Image Analysis ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Tree Classifier ◽  
Growth Change ◽  
Optimal Change

Mapping land cover change is useful for various environmental and urban planning applications, e.g. land management, forest conservation, ecological assessment, transportation planning, and impervious surface control. As the optimal change detection approaches, algorithms, and parameters often depend on the phenomenon of interest and the remote sensing imagery used, the goal of this study is to find the optimal procedure for detecting urban growth in rural, forestry areas using one-meter, four-band NAIP images. Focusing on different types of impervious covers, the authors test the optimal segmentation parameters for object-based image analysis, and conclude that the random tree classifier, among the six classifiers compared, is most optimal for land use/cover change detection analysis with a satisfying overall accuracy of 87.7%. With continuous free coverage of NAIP images, the optimal change detection procedure concluded in this study is valuable for future analyses of urban growth change detection in rural, forestry environments.

Evidence for predisposition in humans to infection with Ascaris, hookworm, Enterobius and Trichuris in a South Indian fishing community

Parasitology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Haswell-Elkins ◽  
D. B. Elkins ◽  
R. M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Fishing Community ◽  
Population Analyses ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Treatment

SUMMARYStudies of patterns of reinfection with four species of intestinal nematodes (Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris and Enterobius) in 174 individual patients following chemotherapeutic treatment revealed statistical evidence for predisposition to heavy or light infection (relative to the average level in the overall population). Analyses of associations between the abundances of the four species of nematodes within a combined sample of 525 worm burdens showed significant correlations between 5 out of the 6 possible pair-wise comparisons between species. The relevance of these results to the design of control programmes based on chemotherapeutic application is discussed.

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