ΣϒΝΤΕΛΕΙΑ ΤΙΡΩΝΩΝ

1918 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 26-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Rostovtseff
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
Compulsory Military Service ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Town ◽  
Second Period

Modern inquiries into the history of the Roman army have elucidated the fact that there were two periods in the evolution of the Roman recruiting-system, whether of the Roman legions or of the auxiliary troops. The first period embraced the first two centuries of the Roman Empire, while the second began with Diocletian. The most characteristic features of the first period were as follows: recruiting of legions among the town population or territories attributed to a town; recruiting of auxiliary troops chiefly among the population of non-municipal territories; prevalence of the idea of conscription, which remained as a matter of fact chiefly theoretical as far as the legions were concerned, the latter consisting chiefly of volunteers; granting of Roman citizenship to soldiers who were serving in the legions at the moment of their being enrolled, and the receiving of Roman citizenship by the soldiers of auxiliary troops after the completion of their period of service; absence of any form of compulsion in the recruiting system. The second period presents entirely different features. The distinction between legions and auxiliary troops vanished almost completely, as both were recruited chiefly among the rural population; for the idea of conscription as the fulfilment of the duty of citizenship was substituted either the idea of military service for money, the idea of mercenary troops, or the idea of compulsory military service, this service being treated in the same way as the compulsory levying of taxes.

Keeping Military Discipline

2013 ◽  
pp. 311-329
Author(s):  
Stefan G. Chrissanthos
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
Modern System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Discipline

This chapter offers a brief history of military discipline in ancient armies, and also investigates how and to what degree societies inflicted discipline on their soldiers, and how, in various ways, soldiers imposed discipline on themselves. Then, it addresses the evolution of military discipline from Greece until eventually something similar to a modern system developed in the early Roman Empire. The death of Alexander had precipitated almost fifty years of continuous warfare that ultimately resulted in the development of the Hellenistic monarchies. The Roman army represented something completely new in ancient Mediterranean warfare. It is observed that the Principate represented a major step in the evolution of ancient military discipline.

Ut fidem dictis adhibeant

Mnemosyne ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-658
Author(s):  
Andreas Abele
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
Analysis Tools ◽  
Compulsory Military Service ◽  
Heavy Burden

Abstract Sulpicius Severus’ account of St Martin sharing his cloak with the beggar at the gate of Amiens is still one of the most prominent and best-known episodes of late antique Christian hagiography. This deed is considered above all as the epitome of Martin’s charity and will to follow Christ. Furthermore, this episode also serves to apologize Martin’s military service in the Roman army. The latter was a heavy burden for Sulpicius’ saint, which the author of his Vita had to get rid of in the most credible way possible. Sulpicius asserts that Martin’s compulsory military service was dominated by Christian virtues. A narratological close reading focusing on the categories of ‘distance’ and ‘focalization’ and applying linguistic analysis tools as well shows that eventually it is the narrative disposition of the ‘Amiens episode’ that makes the narrator’s earlier apologetic authorial statements credible.

scholarly journals The Defeat of Marc Macrinius Vindex. To the History of the Marcomannic Wars in the Middle Danube

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
S.M. Rubtsov
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
Marcus Aurelius ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Roman Province ◽  
The Military

The article is devoted to the military action of the Roman Empire in the Middle-Danube valley in the early spring 170 year 2-nd centuries A.D. The main aim of this article consists in reconstruction one of the important events in Roman wars against the Germans tribe marcomanni, who lived on the territory of modern-day Czechia (ancient Boygemia). The author uses the analytical and comparative methods, analyzing the historical works of Roman authors and epigraphic facts. One of the main new aspects of article consists in chronology of events. The author tries to prove that defeat of Roman army and death of praefectus Marc Macrinius Vindex took place at the same time in early spring 170 year 2-nd centuries A.D.. This defeat had the important influence on the other military operations in the next time. Marcomanni and his allies seriously threatened the Roman province of Pannonia situated on the right bank of the Danube. The emperor Marcus Aurelius (161 — 180 A.D) waged several wars against the marcomanni and their allies quadi in 167 — 180 A.D. In winter 169 A.D. Marcus Aurelius became the sole emperor. He came back in Carnuntum in Upper Pannonia and began to complete the army for the offensive against marcomanni. The legatus Augusti Marc Macrinius Avitus Catonius Vindex with vexillationes of five Pannonia's legions and a few auxiliums forced a crossing the Danube in the early spring 170 A.D. Marcomanni defeated the Roman army and killed the legatus Augusti. The Germans captivated many soldiers from legions and auxiliums, burned several war-camps in Upper and Lower Pannonias. They reached the borders of the North Italy and besieged the Aquileja again. The author comes to the conclusion, that in result of the defeat of Marc Macrinius Vindex the Roman troops in the Middle and Lower Danube stood on the defensive.

scholarly journals Karasubazar: Historical Topography of the City of the Crimean Khanate in the 16th-18th Centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-16
Author(s):  
Sergei G. Bocharov
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Planning History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

The article covers the main points of the town-planning history of Karasubazar, the city of the Crimean khanate, and, most importantly, offers a graphic reconstruction of its master plan for the last quarter of the 18th century, the final stage of the state’s existence. Reconstruction of the historical topography of the late medieval city was carried out for the first time on the basis of three types of sources – written, cartographic, and archaeological. All the basic elements of the city’s historical topography as well as the plan of quarterly residential development and a network of streets are reconstructed. Characteristic features of the location of the quarters inhabited by the Greek, Armenian and Jewish population among the main population of the Tatar inhabitants are revealed. City mosques, bathhouses, fountains supplying the citizens with water, hotels-caravanserais, shopping malls, and production workshops are localized. It is found out that Karasubazar was the second largest settlement in the state, its capital Bakhchisarai being the largest one. By the final stage of the Crimean khanate’s existence the area of the urban development of Karasubazar was 109.0 hectares

scholarly journals Song «Fly, Fly, Cuckoo» as a Phenomenon of Musical and Poetic Work of the Chuvash People

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Alisa Leonidovna Agakova
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Popular Work ◽  
Russian Composers ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Poetic Work

The article examines the semantic and axiological foundations of «Fly, fly, cuckoo» – the most popular work of Chuvash song folklore. The purpose of the work is to establish the history of the song from the moment of the first recording and analyze its professional processing. The author practices a short generalized description of the most characteristic features of each artistic treatment. This approach allows to clearly feel the individual handwriting of each composer. The research results are based on comparison and generalization methods. The melody of this song inspired the Chuvash and Russian composers to create works of different genres: vocal, choral, instrumental. It is unique in terms of the number of adaptations: there are more than 30 of them – so often composers did not pay attention to any Chuvash song. The article discusses the most vivid and characteristic examples of processing the melody of a song. The author analyzes the works of S. M. Maksimov, A. G. Orlov-Shuzm, G. Khirbyu, A. Petrov, G. Anchikov, V. Bely and others. The inclusion in the educational process of such examples of folk art as the song «Fly, fly, cuckoo», and works created on this topic, contributes to an increase in the level of musical culture, the formation of respect for indigenous peoples and their traditions.

scholarly journals The migration of the Vandals and the Suebi to the Roman West and archaeological accounts

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 197-214
Author(s):  
Michel Kazanski
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Great Migration ◽  
Migration Period ◽  
Central European ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
The North ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
Przeworsk Culture ◽  
The Moment

This article addresses a few archaeological finds from the earliest stage of the Great Migration Period (late fourth to the first half of the fifth century AD) in the territory of the Western Roman Empire related to Central Europe by origin, which could testify to the migration of the Vandals and the Suebi to the Roman West in 406 AD. These finds comprise different types of crossbow brooches discovered in the Roman provinces in Gallia, Spain, and North Africa, which parallels originate from the lands to the north of the Danube, in the zone where the Vandals and the Suebi lived by the moment of the migration to the West in 406 AD. Besides, some features of the funeral rite discovered in the early Great Migration Period in Eastern Gallia, particularly ritually destroyed weapons, meet with analogies in the cemeteries of Central European barbarians, particularly in the Przeworsk culture. These archaeological pieces of evidence were partially related to the arrival of the Vandals and the Suebi to the Roman Empire’s territory in 406 AD, and also reflected the presence of the Central European barbarians in the Roman military service.

scholarly journals Sharhorod as a Jewish shtetl at the late 16th – early 20th centuries: particular qualities and typical features of the socio-cultural appearance

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
Olga V. Rozina
Keyword(s):  
Regional Identity ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Historical Structures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Historical Past ◽  
The Town ◽  
Spatial Identity

Regional historical and cultural studies represent the new areas of regional studies associated with the actualisation of the problems of regional identity in the context of an identification crisis, both at the level of the individual and at the level of the whole ethnic group. The worldview split of society as a product of the pluralism of the postmodern culture of the early 20th century led to the fragmentation of historical knowledge and the mosaic nature of historical structures, the devaluation of the value of a single historical past in the post-Soviet space. In the logic of historical postmodernism the substitution of historical facts becomes possible, which together with the blurring of socio-spatial identity, make the basis for myth-making and distortions of the processes that actually took place in the history and culture of peoples. In the context of the modern information warfare, various anti-Russian historical myths, including the “prison of the nations”, acquire special topicality. The article examines the history of the Jewish ethnos – one of the traditional ethnic groups that used to live in the territory of the Russian Empire at the late 16th – the early 20th centuries in the Ukraine. The object of regional research is Sharhorod, one of the towns of Eastern Podolia (now Vinnytsia Region), a typical Jewish shtetl with characteristic features of socio-cultural appearance. The town arose in 1585 in the lands of the Polish magnate Jan Sariusz Zamoyski, where the geopolitical interests of the Russian and Ottoman empires, Poland, Lithuania and Principality of Moldavia collided.

The History of Historiography in the Merovingian Period

2020 ◽  
pp. 461-488
Author(s):  
Helmut Reimitz
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Roman World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Historical Writings

The writing of history played an important part in Merovingian society, a fact that is well documented in the Merovingian authors’ writing and rewriting of history. The different histories and versions of history also show that Merovingian culture was not a culture in decline after the end of the western Roman Empire. A closer look demonstrates that the transformation of historical knowledge and culture demanded a higher degree of sophistication, expertise, and originality than modern scholars have been willing to allow for the authors of Merovingian histories. The extant historical works from the Merovingian period testify to the historical sophistication and education of their authors. They also show that their authors were well aware of a variety of histories, historical interpretations, models, and genres. This chapter suggests that we might understand the work of these historians better if we take their generic choices more seriously than we usually do. They all worked with the preconception of a genre to define the subject of their historical inquiry while attempting to transform the expectations and patterns of reading and writing history in a post-Roman world. Such an approach might also help us to understand the diversity of generic choices and forms of historical writings in the Merovingian period as one of the characteristic features of a Merovingian historiography.

scholarly journals barbarización del ejército romano

STUDIUM ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 13-40
Author(s):  
Ignacio Jesús Álvarez Soria
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Military History ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Late Roman

Resumen En el presente artículo repasaremos someramente algunos de los hitos más reseñables de la historia militar del Imperio Romano Tardío, haciendo hincapié en el papel de los bárbaros que luchaban junto a los romanos, puesto que la barbarización del ejercito romano ha sido uno de los puntos de referencia en las investigaciones acerca de la decadencia y caída del Imperio Romano. En este sentido, haremos referencia al papel integrador que tuvo el ejército romano durante buena parte de la historia del Imperio Romano, y señalaremos los principales hechos que condujeron al final de dicho papel; esbozando también las desastrosas consecuencias que tuvo este hecho para el futuro del Imperio, especialmente del Occidental.    Palabras clave: Bárbaros, ejército, integración, migración, godos, reclutamiento. Abstract In this article we will briefly review some of the most important milestones in the military history of the Late Roman Empire. In it we will emphasize the role of the barbarians who fought with the Romans, since the barbarización of the Roman army is one of the points of reference in the investigations about the decay and fall of the Roman Empire. In this sense, we will refer to the role played by the Roman army in the integration of foreigners during a large part of the history of the Roman Empire. In addition, we will point out the main events that led to the end of this integrating role; we will also indicate the disastrous consequences this fact had for the future of the Empire, especially for the Western part. Key words: Barbarians, army, integration, migration, goths, recruitment.

scholarly journals Urban Bridge Construction in the European Northwest of Russia as Part of the Country’s Modernization in the 19th – Early 20th Centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Sergey Gulyaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Bridge Construction ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Northwest Of Russia ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Bridge Building

Urban bridge construction in Russia remains a largely unexplored topic. At the moment, the vast majority of studies devoted to the history of bridge building (mostly, specialized technical literature) do not consider this topic as a subject of historical research proper. Regional studies rarely focus on urban bridge building. Research into this topic as part of a large modernization process allows us to identify the characteristic features inherent in bridge building in Russia’s regional centres in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The purpose of this article is to study urban bridge construction in the European Northwest of Russia as part of the country’s modernization. The sources include records of the State Archives of the Arkhangelsk Region and published documents on the history of Vologda. The author applied the comparative historical and historical-systematic method, as well as modernization theory. The article analyses various modernization approaches to the study of Russian history, examines the development of bridge construction in the 19th century and its implementation in a number of cities in the European Northwest, highlighting the specifics of each case as well as general features typical of the country as a whole. In conclusion, the characteristic features of urban bridge building in Russia during the period under study and their connection with the country’s modernization are identified. It should be mentioned that this paper is one of the first attempts to analyse the development of bridge construction in Russia from the point of view of historical science. Its results can be used for research into the history of the modernization process in Russian regions, as well as in the preparation of specialized historical works on the development of bridge construction.

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