A History of the Crusades, Volume 4. The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. Edited by Harry W. Hazard. Kenneth M. Setton, general editor. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977. xxvii + 414 pp.

The important part played by women in the history of the crusader states has been obscured by their exclusion from the battle-field. Since scarcely a year passed in the Frankish east which was free from some major military campaign it is natural that the interest of historians should have centred on the men responsible for the defence of the kingdom. Yet in any society at war considerable power has to be delegated to women while their menfolk are on active service, and the crusader states were no exception to this general rule. Moreover, because the survival rate among girl-children born to Frankish settlers was higher than that among boys, women often provided continuity to the society of Outremer, by inheriting their fathers’ fiefs and transmitting them to husbands many of whom came from the west.

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The Small Brave City-State: A History of Nembe-Brass in the Niger Delta. By Ebiegberi J. Alagoa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press; Ibadan University Press, 1964. Pp. 173, ill., map. $5.

Africa ◽

10.2307/1157703 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 339-340

Author(s):

G. I. Jones

Keyword(s):

Niger Delta ◽

University Of Wisconsin ◽

History Of ◽

City State

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James C. Knox (1977) Human impacts on Wisconsin stream channels. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 67: 224–244.

Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment ◽

10.1177/0309133313490008 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 422-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

William L. Graf

Keyword(s):

Mississippi River ◽

Human Impacts ◽

Professional Community ◽

River System ◽

Stream Channels ◽

Early 19Th Century ◽

Driftless Area ◽

University Of Wisconsin ◽

History Of ◽

Floodplain Deposits

James C. Knox’s 1977 paper “Human Impacts on Wisconsin Stream Channels,” published in the Annals of the Association of American Geographers, was a key component of a suite of three papers by him defining the response of rivers to the introduction and management of agriculture and to climate change. In this paper he used the Driftless Area of southwest Wisconsin as a laboratory where he could define fluvial responses by their sedimentary signatures in floodplain deposits. Land-use records dating back to the early 19th century along with shorter climate records provided his understanding of the drivers of change. He found that floods increased as an outcome of land-cover change. Upstream tributaries became wider and shallower as coarse deposits limited their adjustments, while main stem channels became narrower and deeper. His paper reflected the influence of his graduate advisor and especially of prominent faculty colleagues at the University of Wisconsin from fields ranging from soils and climatology to geomorphology and history. The paper was the subject of considerable debate in the professional community, but it remains a much-cited example of Knox’s work in unraveling the Quaternary and Holocene history of rivers of the Driftless Area and by extension the upper Mississippi River system.

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