The Knife and Club in Trench Warfare, 1914-1918

In this article, we take issue with the claim by Sunstein and others that online discussion takes place in echo chambers, and suggest that the dynamics of online debates could be more aptly described by the logic of ‘trench warfare’, in which opinions are reinforced through contradiction as well as confirmation. We use a unique online survey and an experimental approach to investigate and test echo chamber and trench warfare dynamics in online debates. The results show that people do indeed claim to discuss with those who hold opposite views from themselves. Furthermore, our survey experiments suggest that both confirming and contradicting arguments have similar effects on attitude reinforcement. Together, this indicates that both echo chamber and trench warfare dynamics – a situation where attitudes are reinforced through both confirmation and disconfirmation biases – characterize online debates. However, we also find that two-sided neutral arguments have weaker effects on reinforcement than one-sided confirming and contradicting arguments, suggesting that online debates could contribute to collective learning and qualification of arguments.

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Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918.

The American Historical Review ◽

10.2307/2167263 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 98 (5) ◽

pp. 1709

Author(s):

Ronald G. Haycock ◽

Bill Rawling

Keyword(s):

Canadian Corps ◽

Trench Warfare

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From “Trench Warfare” to “Spring Sun”. Poland in German military plans of 1919

Białostockie Teki Historyczne ◽

10.15290/bth.2012.10.10 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 189-209

Author(s):

Robert Kempa ◽

Keyword(s):

Trench Warfare

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The forgotten Eastern Front: dealing with the social and archaeological legacies of the Battle of the Rawka and Bzura Rivers (1914–1915), central Poland

Antiquity ◽

10.15184/aqy.2021.134 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Anna I. Zalewska ◽

Grzegorz Kiarszys

Keyword(s):

Historical Consciousness ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

Central Poland ◽

Eastern Front ◽

The Social ◽

Trench Warfare ◽

Heritage Policy ◽

Second World ◽

First World

While the Western Front of the Great (or First World) War is deeply engrained in the European historical consciousness, memories of the Eastern Front are less prominent. Here, events have been repressed, obscured by the subsequent experience of the Second World War and by heritage policy in the region. The authors present the results of archaeological investigations of a battlefield in central Poland, where static trench warfare was fought between December 1914 and July 1915. A unique landscape palimpsest was formed, the present neglected state of which is a material expression of contemporary attitudes to the legacy of the forgotten Eastern Front. The study illustrates the wider intersection of warfare, identity and memory.

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The Structures of Politics in Early Tudor England

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society ◽

10.2307/3679328 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 59-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Steven Gunn

Keyword(s):

Sixteenth Century ◽

Tudor England ◽

Trench Warfare

Something of the atmosphere of trench warfare, with its immobility and its desperation, has overcome the historiography of early Tudor politics. The most spectacular impasse concerns the fall of Anne Boleyn. Three scholars have recently set out and defended against one another divergent explanations of her fall. Professor Ives and Professor Warnicke can agree that Dr Bernard is wrong: Anne cannot possibly have been destroyed by a masterful and jealous king who may reasonably have believed her guilty of multiple adultery as charged. Dr Bernard and Professor Ives can agree that Professor Warnicke is wrong: Anne's fall cannot be attributed to her miscarriage of a deformed foetus, awakening the king's fears of witchcraft and its sixteenth-century stablemates, sodomy and incest. Professor Warnicke and Dr Bernard can agree that Professor Ives is wrong: Anne cannot have been ousted by a factional plot at court, coordinated by Thomas Cromwell and cynically using fabricated charges of adultery to hustle the king into destroying the queen and her partisans at a single blow.

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