The Nonmilitary Use of the Latin American Military: A More Realistic Approach to Arms Control and Economic Development

Background ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Edward B. Glick
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
American Military ◽  
Realistic Approach

scholarly journals Educational inequalities in obesity: a multilevel analysis of survey data from cities in Latin America

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mónica Mazariegos ◽  
Amy H Auchincloss ◽  
Ariela Braverman-Bronstein ◽  
María F Kroker-Lobos ◽  
Manuel Ramírez-Zea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Effect Modification ◽  
University Education ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
American Cities

Abstract Objective: Using newly harmonised individual-level data on health and socio-economic environments in Latin American cities (from the Salud Urbana en América Latina (SALURBAL) study), we assessed the association between obesity and education levels and explored potential effect modification of this association by city-level socio-economic development. Design: This cross-sectional study used survey data collected between 2002 and 2017. Absolute and relative educational inequalities in obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, derived from measured weight and height) were calculated first. Then, a two-level mixed-effects logistic regression was run to test for effect modification of the education–obesity association by city-level socio-economic development. All analyses were stratified by sex. Setting: One hundred seventy-six Latin American cities within eight countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru). Participants: 53 186 adults aged >18 years old. Results: Among women, 25 % were living with obesity and obesity was negatively associated with educational level (higher education–lower obesity) and this pattern was consistent across city-level socio-economic development. Among men, 18 % were living with obesity and there was a positive association between education and obesity (higher education–higher obesity) for men living in cities with lower levels of development, whereas for those living in cities with higher levels of development, the pattern was inverted and university education was protective of obesity. Conclusions: Among women, education was protective of obesity regardless, whereas among men, it was only protective in cities with higher levels of development. These divergent results suggest the need for sex- and city-specific interventions to reduce obesity prevalence and inequalities.

scholarly journals The Influence of Government Effectiveness and Corruption on the High Levels of Homicide in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Spencer P. Chainey ◽  
Gonzalo Croci ◽  
Laura Juliana Rodriguez Forero
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
International Variation ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Latin America Region

Most research that has examined the international variation in homicide levels has focused on structural variables, with the suggestion that socio-economic development operates as a cure for violence. In Latin America, development has occurred, but high homicide levels remain, suggesting the involvement of other influencing factors. We posit that government effectiveness and corruption control may contribute to explaining the variation in homicide levels, and in particular in the Latin America region. Our results show that social and economic structural variables are useful but are not conclusive in explaining the variation in homicide levels and that the relationship between homicide, government effectiveness, and corruption control was significant and highly pronounced for countries in the Latin American region. The findings highlight the importance of supporting institutions in improving their effectiveness in Latin America so that reductions in homicide (and improvements in citizen security in general) can be achieved.

Regional nuclear arms control in Latin America

1975 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Redick
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Nuclear Arms Control ◽  
Nuclear Arms

The Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Treaty of Tlatelolco) was signed in 1967 and is now in force for eighteen Latin American nations (the important exceptions being Argentina and Brazil). Under the terms of the treaty the Organization for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (OPANAL) was established in 1969. With headquarters in Mexico City, OPANAL is a sophisticated control mechanism composed of three principal organs: a General Conference, Council and Secretariat. This article examines the effort to establish regional nuclear weapons free zone in Latin America and analyzes the ability of the Tlatelolco Treaty to provide the legal and political framework for containment of the growing military potential of Latin American nuclear energy programs. Particular attention is given to the positions of key Latin American nations within the region, nuclear weapons states, and those nations retaining territorial interest within the nuclear weapons free zone. In addition several policy options are advanced which could facilitate the more complete implementation of regional nuclear arms control in Latin America.

Symposium on the State and Economic Development

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranab Bardhan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin American ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
State Action ◽  
South Korean ◽  
American Experience ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Role Of The State

The role of the state in economic development is one of the oldest topics in economics, yet controversies rage with similar passion and camps are divided on lines today broadly similar to the early writings. Though the authors of the papers in this symposium present different views, they all refuse to pose the question as a simple choice between the market mechanism and state intervention. Larry Westphal and Albert Fishlow evaluate the South Korean and the Latin American experience, respectively, in their essential complexity. Mrinal Datta-Chaudhuri draws upon a comparative study of the Indian and East Asian cases to bring out the contradictions and complementaries in the relationship between the state and the economy. Anne Krueger's paper reflects on how the comparative advantages and disadvantages of state action flow from its organizational and incentive characteristics.

Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): The Case of Latin American & Caribbean Developing Economies

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Mumtaz Hussain Shah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Intellectual Property Right ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Macroeconomic Stability

The growing share of knowledge-intensive products in international trade and the increasing sensitivity of multinational firms to intellectual property theft make it imperative to analyse the effect of IPR promulgation on their FDI decision. In this perspective the current article gauge the importance of Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement under World Trade Organisation (WTO) in increasing a Latin American & Caribbean (LAC) developing economy’s appeal for investors from abroad. Infrastructure and skilled labour availability, market size, macroeconomic stability, economic development, and trade liberalization are also considered. Time-invariant phenomena such as access to the sea, regional affiliations/proximities, income groupings and ability to speak one of the international languages, though desirable were not done because fixed effect panel estimation technique does not permit the use of dummy variables. Due to the 2008-2009 recession in the developed economies, the available investment funds withered, making the investors’ sceptic apropos the safety of their tangible and intangible property, especially in the developing world, causing a decrease in FDI to these nations in general. However, LAC countries were somewhat resilient and received a steadily increasing flow of foreign investment. Thus, it demands to analyse the factors that overcame the overseas investors’ scepticism and prompted them to invest in the LAC region. By utilizing annual data for 28 years that is 1989-2016 from 24 LAC developing nations it is found that infrastructure and human capital availability, macroeconomic stability, economic development, strengthening and worldwide harmonization of intellectual property right standards through TRIPS positively effects the overseas investor's investment decision. The host population used to measure market size is found to be insignificant when tested with other conventional FDI location pull factors. Similarly, liberalization, consistent with horizontal FDI theory, exerts a significant negative effect on inward FDI.

scholarly journals Rule of Law and Law Reform in Korea

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (0) ◽  
pp. 49-79
Author(s):  
Joon-Hyung Hong
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Military Occupation ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
American Military ◽  
Japanese Colonial

As a theater of historical experimentation, Korean society merits special attention. Economic and social transformations that unfolded over two centuries or more in Western societies and over more than a century in Japan have exploded in a far shorter time in Korea. Various features of Korean society are radically heterogeneous in origin: some echo feudal structures of the pre-modem Chosun Dynasty, which lasted through the 1890s. Others stem from institutions of Japanese colonial rule(1905-1945), from the American military occupation of 1945-1948, from the corrupt autocracy of Syngman Rhee(1948-1960) or from the "developmental dictatorships" that ruled Korea by military decree from 1961 until only a few years ago. In the quasi-pluralistic Korean society of today, a commerce-centered network of relations interacts with oligarchical structures deeply rooted in recent as well as remote history. Confronted with unprecedented challenges, internal and external, Korea presently is in a period of transition, groping its way toward democratization while trying to maintain momentum for sustained economic development.

New World Economic Development Trends and Latin America

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
L. Klochkovsky
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
New World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Technological Gap ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The Future ◽  
World Economic

There are substantial changes in the evolution of world economy and world economic relations. The growth rates of international trade have diminished two-fold, the prices for oil and other commodities have fallen, and the competition on world markets has sharpened greatly. These new trends complicate fundamentally external conditions for the economic development of peripheral regions, especially Latin America. Latin American countries have reached a phase of considerable economic deceleration. Under these circumstances, there is an urgent need for reconsideration of key conclusions made by some Russian experts on the possibilities of the future economic and social growth of Latin America. The author examines the most discussed aspects of the Latin American modern economic situation – the deepening technological gap and slow rates of technological progress, the limited role of internal economic motive forces, the conservation of foreign economic dependence. The future of Latin America’s economic development is uncertain in many respects and will depend greatly on foreign economic conditions. The new world balance opened important additional possibilities for Latin America on world markets. China has converted into the second largest economic partner of the region. But there is a number of complicated problems in their relations that need an urgent regulation. At the same time, the strategic task for Latin America consists in finding of effective ways for further broadening of economic relations with the United States in terms of equality and mutual benefit.

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