Detecting “Invisible” Dwellings in the Maya Area Using Electromagnetic Induction: Significant Findings of a Pilot Study at Chau Hiix, Belize

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy L. Sweely
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Electromagnetic Induction ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chau Hiix ◽  
Limestone Bedrock ◽  
Geophysical Technique ◽  
Maya Area ◽  
Settlement Studies

AbstractSettlement studies of the prehispanic Lowland Maya have tended to rely upon dwelling remains that are visible at the ground surface, though floors and living surfaces that leave no surface indications are known to exist. Such “invisible” dwellings have been encountered beneath platforms and in “vacant terrain” lacking surface indications of architecture, and given more systematic attention, could represent a sizable and socially significant segment of the prehispanic populations in the region. This paper describes the application of electromagnetic induction, a geophysical technique, for locating nonplatform dwellings at Chau Hiix, Belize. A conductivity signature for nonplatform dwellings was identified that includes plaster, nonplatform floors, both in an area of vacant terrain and beneath a residential terrace, in association with trash pits and episodes of limestone bedrock mining, presumably for the acquisition of raw material for the floor. The technique also holds promise for locating ground-level floors, use-areas, and possibly footpaths. While this pilot study was limited in scope, it demonstrates the enormous potential of electromagnetic induction for locating these otherwise elusive features.

scholarly journals EXCAVATION REPORT FOR THE BOMBORO SITE: A CHERT QUARRY SITE IN THE BOMBORO VALLEY, MAROS REGENCY, SOUTH SULAWESI

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yinika Lotus Perston ◽  
Adam Brumm ◽  
Sandy Suseno ◽  
Budianto Hakim ◽  
Suryatman
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Limestone Bedrock

Wilayah karst Maros-Pangkep berisi banyak situs arkeologi Holosen dan Late-Pleistocene, banyak di antaranya berisi kumpulan artefak yang didominasi oleh artefak rijang. Namun dimikian, belum ada sumber untuk bahan baku yang telah diidentifikasi. Sementara batuan dasar kapur yang melimpah kadang-kadang berisi kantong dan lapisan nodul rijang, singkapan ini menunjukkan sedikit bukti untuk eksploitasi atau tambangan prasejarah, dan kecil kemungkinan rijang diperoleh dari anak sungai atau sungai. Situs Bomboro dipilih untuk penggalian karena permukaan tanahnya yang kaya dengan artefak batu termasuk serpihan, batu inti, dan tatal. Rijangnya mungkin telah ditambang dari nodul yang keluar dari batu gamping lokal di Lembah Bomboro. Sampai sekarang, situs ini merupakan tambang batu kuno pertama yang diidentifikasi di wilayah tersebut. Sementara tambang terbuka tidak ada duanya, itu mungkin berfungsi sebagai sumber rijang selama periode Toalean, sekitar 2-8 ribu tahun yang lalu.   The Maros-Pangkep region contains numerous archaeological sites dating from the Holocene and Late-Pleistocene, many of which contain artefact assemblages dominated by flaked chert artefacts. However, no sources for this raw material have yet been identified. While the abundant limestone bedrock contains occasional pockets and seams of chert nodules, these outcrops show little evidence for prehistoric exploitation or quarrying, and it is unlikely the chert was acquired from streambeds. The Bomboro site was selected for excavation as the ground surface is rich in chert stone artefacts including flakes, cores, and debris. Theis chert was likely quarried from the local nodules outcropping from the surrounding limestone bedrock in the Bomboro Valley, and this report describes the excavation of the first ancient stone quarry site to be identified in the region. While the open quarry was undateable, it may have served as a chert source during the Toalean period, around 2-8 thousand years ago.

Sleeping under Trees at Night is not Healthful; Sleeping during the Day is Healthful – Forming CO (CO2) and their Dissociation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Oxygen Atom ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Graphitic Carbon ◽  
Field Variation ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
The One

<p>A carbon atom keeps a non-preserved behavior because of converting into another state. This character makes it adjacently coincide with oxygen atom when it is in the gaseous state. A field variation develops for the day and night. On having the suitable interaction of photons with leaves in daytime, pieces of arc-shaped energy are made. To get the ground surface, the pieces of arc-shaped energy become empty due to the highest value of gravity at ground level. On sunset, empty pieces of arc-shaped energy fill with the force having the levitating nature, so they start flying to gather under the tree roof. Such filled force pieces develop the affinity in adjacently coinciding atoms of gaseous carbon and oxygen. At certain behavior of force, the downward ends of filled force pieces enter into the suitable unfilled states of gaseous atoms adhering the binding of C - O or O - C - O. So, a large number of CO and CO<sub>2</sub> molecules develops under the tree roof, which is not good for breathing during the night. In the morning, an arc-shaped energy breaks the affinity in CO and CO<sub>2</sub> molecules by giving back the filled force. As a result, the molecules dissociate into the atoms. To get the ground surface, the dissociated gaseous carbon atoms converted into graphitic carbon before noon. So, the oxygen concentration during sunshine increases under the tree roof thereby improving the breathing level of the one resting in the shadow. So, COVID-19 patients can take advantage of the raised level of oxygen. But, it is not useful to rest under the tree roofs at night. How the plantation of trees can be essential for a sustainable environment helps build remarkable procedures and is being discussed here. </p>

scholarly journals Effects of Underground Cavities on the Frequency Spectrum of Seismic Shear Waves

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lancioni ◽  
R. Bernetti ◽  
E. Quagliarini ◽  
L. Tonti
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Parametric Design ◽  
Shear Waves ◽  
Scattering Problem ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Seismic Shear ◽  
Underground Cavities ◽  
Free Wave Propagation

A numerical method is proposed to study the scattering of seismic shear waves induced by the presence of underground cavities in homogeneous soils. The method is based on the superposition of two solutions: the solution of the free-wave propagation problem in a uniform half-space, easily determined analytically, and the solution of the wave scattering problem due to the cave presence, evaluated numerically by means of an ad hoc code implemented by using the ANSYS Parametric Design Language. In the two-dimensional setting, this technique is applied to the case of a single cave, placed at a certain depth from the ground level. The frequency spectrum of the seismic shear oscillation on the ground surface is determined for different dimensions and depths of the cave and compared with the spectrum registered without caves. The influence of the cave dimensions and depth on the spectrum amplification is analyzed and discussed.

scholarly journals Refinement of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation Method for Rice Cultivation

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Lal Chandra Paul ◽  
MA Rashid ◽  
Mousumi Paul
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽  
Below Ground

Experiments were conducted at BRRI farm Gazipur during Boro season 2010-12 to determine maximum depth of water level below ground surface in alternate wetting and drying (AWD) method. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four irrigation treatments. The treatments of AWD method were: T1 = continuous standing water, T2 = irrigation when water level reached 15 cm below ground level, T3 = irrigation when water level reached 20 cm below ground level and T4 = irrigation when water level reached 50 cm below ground level. The experiment involved BRRI dhan28 as a test crop. The treatment T2 gave the highest grain yield (5.9 and 6.2 ton/ha) in 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. Maximum benefits per hectare were found Tk. 5476 and 4931 for using 807 and 880 mm water during 2010-11 and 2011-12 respectively and thus water productivity was 7.1 kg/ha-mm in T2 for both the seasons. Continuous standing (T1) water (1013 and 1100 mm) gave comparable grain yield 5.7 and 6.0 ton/ha in 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. Minimum water productivity was found in treatment T1 (5.6 and 5.4 kg/ha-mm) for both the seasons. Application of irrigation when water was 15 cm below soil surface was found most profitable in AWD system and the grain yield was decreased when water level was below 15 cm depth. Therefore, the recommended AWD technology could increase rice yield and save irrigation water by 25-30 percent.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v17i1-2.20899Bangladesh Rice j. 2013, 17(1&2): 33-37

scholarly journals Review and analysis of historical leakages from storage salt caverns wells

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Bérest ◽  
Arnaud Réveillère ◽  
David Evans ◽  
Markus Stöwer
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Salt Dome ◽  
Wellhead Pressure ◽  
Well Design ◽  
Salt Caverns ◽  
Geological Formations

Twelve incidents involving well casing and/or cement leaks in the salt caverns storage industry are described. These incidents occurred at the following storage sites: Eminence salt dome, Mississippi; Elk City, Oklahoma; Conway, Kansas; Yoder, Kansas; Mont Belvieu, Texas; Teutschenthal/Bad Lauchstädt, Germany; Clute, Texas; Mineola, Texas; Hutchinson, Kansas; Magnolia, Louisiana; Boling, Texas; Epe, Germany. Mechanisms leading to a casing leak and consequences are discussed. In most cases, a breach in a steel casing occurred at a depth where a single casing was isolating the stored product from the geological formations. The origin of the breach was due in most cases to poor welding/screwing conditions and corrosion, or excessive deformation of the rock formation. In this, the age of the well is often influential. In many cases, the leak path does not open directly at ground level; fugitive hydrocarbons first escape and accumulate in the subsurface prior to migrating through shallower horizons and escaping at ground surface. A pressure differential between hydrocarbons in the borehole and fluids in the rock mass favours fast leak rates. A wellhead pressure drop often is observed, even when the stored product is natural gas. The incidents described suggest that thorough monitoring (tightness tests) and a correct well design would lessen considerably the probability of a casing leak occurring.

scholarly journals Vertical distribution of particle-phase dicarboxylic acids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls in the urban boundary layer based on the 325-meter tower in Beijing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanyu Zhao ◽  
Hong Ren ◽  
Kimitaka Kawamura ◽  
Huiyun Du ◽  
Xueshun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Motor Vehicles

Abstract. Vertical distribution of dicarboxylic acids, oxoacids, α-dicarbonyls, and other organic tracer compounds in fine aerosols (PM2.5) was investigated from the ground surface (8 m) to 260 m at a 325-meter meteorological tower in Beijing in the summer of 2015. Results showed that the concentrations of oxalic acid (C2), the predominant diacid, were more abundant at 120 m (210 ± 154 ng m−3) and 260 m (220 ± 140 ng m−3) than those at the ground level (160 ± 90 ng m−3). Concentrations of phthalic acid (Ph) decreased with the increase of heights, demonstrating that the vehicular exhausts at the ground surface was the main contributor. Positive correlations were noteworthy for C2/total diacids with mass ratios of C2 to main oxoacids (Pyr, ωC2) and α-dicarbonyls (Gly, MeGly) in polluted days (0.42 ≤ r2 ≤ 0.65), especially at the ground level. In clean days, the ratios of carbon content in oxalic acid to water soluble organic carbon (C2-C/WSOC) showed larger values at 120 m and 260 m than those at the ground surface. However, in polluted days, the C2-C/WSOC ratio mainly reached its maximum at the ground level. These phenomena may indicate the enhanced contribution of aqueous-phase oxidation to oxalic acid in polluted days. Combined with the influence of wind field, total diacids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls decreased by 22 %–58 % under the control on anthropogenic activities during the 2015 Victory Parade period. Furthermore, the PMF results showed that the secondary formation routes (secondary sulfate formation and secondary nitrate formation) were the dominant contributors (37–44 %) to organic acids, followed by biomass burning (25–30 %) and motor vehicles (18–24 %). In this study, the organic acids at the ground level were largely associated with local traffic emissions, while the long-range atmospheric transport followed by photochemical aging contributed more to diacids and related compounds in the boundary layer over Beijing than the ground surface.

scholarly journals Studies of an artificially generated electrode effect at ground level

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1095-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Mareev ◽  
S. Israelsson ◽  
E. Knudsen ◽  
A. V. Kalinin ◽  
M. M. Novozhenov
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Space Charge ◽  
Turbulent Mixing ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Space Charge Density ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Electrical Field Strength ◽  
Electrode Effect

Abstract. The outdoor experiments, using a metallic grid above the ground surface, have yielded well-defined vertical profiles of the space-charge density. The profiles showed strong evidence for the existence of an electrode effect, which could be named the artificial electrode effect and can serve as a very useful and well-controlled model for the study of atmospheric electric processes in the atmospheric surface layer. The build-up or break-down of an electrode-effect layer occurred in a time of the order of 10 s under the experimental conditions realized. The artificially generated electrode effect is dependent on the electrical field strength supplied, wind speed, turbulent mixing and ion mobilities. Wind speed and ion mobility seem to be the dominant factors, defining space-charge density profiles. A theoretical model for the artificial electrode effect has been developed, taking into account turbulent mixing of charged particles in the air flow with the logarithmic profile of the wind velocity. The numerical analysis of the boundary value problem for the two-dimensional equations for the light ion concentrations has been performed. The model presented shows a qualitative agreement of calculated space-charge profiles with measured ones, and explains the dependence of the artificial electrode effect on the dominant control parameters. The limiting conditions for the developed theory are discussed.

Sleeping under Trees at Night is not Healthful; Sleeping during the Day is Healthful – Forming CO (CO2) and their Dissociation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Oxygen Atom ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Graphitic Carbon ◽  
Field Variation ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
The One

<p>A carbon atom keeps a non-preserved behavior because of converting into another state. This character makes it adjacently coincide with oxygen atom when it is in the gaseous state. A field variation develops for the day and night. On having the suitable interaction of photons with leaves in daytime, pieces of arc-shaped energy are made. To get the ground surface, the pieces of arc-shaped energy become empty due to the highest value of gravity at ground level. On sunset, empty pieces of arc-shaped energy fill with the force having the levitating nature, so they start flying to gather under the tree roof. Such filled force pieces develop the affinity in adjacently coinciding atoms of gaseous carbon and oxygen. At certain behavior of force, the downward ends of filled force pieces enter into the suitable unfilled states of gaseous atoms adhering the binding of C - O or O - C - O. So, a large number of CO and CO<sub>2</sub> molecules develops under the tree roof, which is not good for breathing during the night. In the morning, an arc-shaped energy breaks the affinity in CO and CO<sub>2</sub> molecules by giving back the filled force. As a result, the molecules dissociate into the atoms. To get the ground surface, the dissociated gaseous carbon atoms converted into graphitic carbon before noon. So, the oxygen concentration during sunshine increases under the tree roof thereby improving the breathing level of the one resting in the shadow. So, COVID-19 patients can take advantage of the raised level of oxygen. But, it is not useful to rest under the tree roofs at night. How the plantation of trees can be essential for a sustainable environment helps build remarkable procedures and is being discussed here. </p>

scholarly journals High resolution vertical distribution and sources of HONO and NO<sub>2</sub> in the nocturnal boundary layer in urban Beijing, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanhao Meng ◽  
Min Qin ◽  
Ke Tang ◽  
Jun Duan ◽  
Wu Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Heterogeneous Reaction ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Urban Atmosphere ◽  
Surface Measurement ◽  
Enhanced Absorption ◽  
Haze Episode

Abstract. The production of HONO on aerosol surfaces and ground surfaces in urban atmosphere is of interests. However, ground surface measurement commonly in our society is not able to distinguish these two parts. Here, for the first time, we reported high-resolution vertical profile measurements of HONO and NO2 in urban Beijing at night using an incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer (IBBCEAS) amounted on a movable container which attached to a meteorological tower of 325 m high. The mixing ratios of HONO during one haze episode (E1), the clean episode (C2) and another haze episode (E3) were 4.26 ± 2.08, 0.83 ± 0.65, and 3.54 ± 0.91 ppb, respectively. High-resolution vertical profiles revealed that the vertical distribution of HONO is consistent with stratification and layering in the nocturnal urban atmosphere below 250 m. Direct emissions from combustion processes contributed 51.1 % to ambient HONO concentration at night. The HONO production from the heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on the aerosol surfaces cannot explain HONO vertical measurements at night, indicating that the heterogeneous reaction of NO2 on ground surfaces dominated the nocturnal HONO production. The nocturnal HONO in the boundary layer is primarily derived from the heterogeneous conversion of NO2 at ground level and direct emissions; it is then transported throughout the column by vertical convection. ϕNO2 → HONO, the HONO yield from deposited NO2, is used to evaluate HONO production from the heterogeneous conversion of NO2 at night. The derived ϕNO2 → HONO values on 9 (C2), 10 (C2) and 11 December (E3) were 0.10, 0.08, and 0.09, respectively, indicating a significant production of HONO from heterogeneous reaction of NO2 at ground level. The similar ϕNO2 → HONO values measured during clean and haze episodes suggest that the heterogeneous conversion potential of NO2 at ground level is consistent at night. Furthermore, the dry deposition loss of HONO to the ground surface and vertical mixing effects associated with convection reached a near steady state at midnight on 11–12 December, indicating that significant quantities of HONO are deposited to the ground surface at night, and the ground surface is the source and sink of HONO at night.

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