scholarly journals Review and analysis of historical leakages from storage salt caverns wells

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Bérest ◽  
Arnaud Réveillère ◽  
David Evans ◽  
Markus Stöwer
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Salt Dome ◽  
Wellhead Pressure ◽  
Well Design ◽  
Salt Caverns ◽  
Geological Formations

Twelve incidents involving well casing and/or cement leaks in the salt caverns storage industry are described. These incidents occurred at the following storage sites: Eminence salt dome, Mississippi; Elk City, Oklahoma; Conway, Kansas; Yoder, Kansas; Mont Belvieu, Texas; Teutschenthal/Bad Lauchstädt, Germany; Clute, Texas; Mineola, Texas; Hutchinson, Kansas; Magnolia, Louisiana; Boling, Texas; Epe, Germany. Mechanisms leading to a casing leak and consequences are discussed. In most cases, a breach in a steel casing occurred at a depth where a single casing was isolating the stored product from the geological formations. The origin of the breach was due in most cases to poor welding/screwing conditions and corrosion, or excessive deformation of the rock formation. In this, the age of the well is often influential. In many cases, the leak path does not open directly at ground level; fugitive hydrocarbons first escape and accumulate in the subsurface prior to migrating through shallower horizons and escaping at ground surface. A pressure differential between hydrocarbons in the borehole and fluids in the rock mass favours fast leak rates. A wellhead pressure drop often is observed, even when the stored product is natural gas. The incidents described suggest that thorough monitoring (tightness tests) and a correct well design would lessen considerably the probability of a casing leak occurring.

Sleeping under Trees at Night is not Healthful; Sleeping during the Day is Healthful – Forming CO (CO2) and their Dissociation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Oxygen Atom ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Graphitic Carbon ◽  
Field Variation ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
The One

<p>A carbon atom keeps a non-preserved behavior because of converting into another state. This character makes it adjacently coincide with oxygen atom when it is in the gaseous state. A field variation develops for the day and night. On having the suitable interaction of photons with leaves in daytime, pieces of arc-shaped energy are made. To get the ground surface, the pieces of arc-shaped energy become empty due to the highest value of gravity at ground level. On sunset, empty pieces of arc-shaped energy fill with the force having the levitating nature, so they start flying to gather under the tree roof. Such filled force pieces develop the affinity in adjacently coinciding atoms of gaseous carbon and oxygen. At certain behavior of force, the downward ends of filled force pieces enter into the suitable unfilled states of gaseous atoms adhering the binding of C - O or O - C - O. So, a large number of CO and CO<sub>2</sub> molecules develops under the tree roof, which is not good for breathing during the night. In the morning, an arc-shaped energy breaks the affinity in CO and CO<sub>2</sub> molecules by giving back the filled force. As a result, the molecules dissociate into the atoms. To get the ground surface, the dissociated gaseous carbon atoms converted into graphitic carbon before noon. So, the oxygen concentration during sunshine increases under the tree roof thereby improving the breathing level of the one resting in the shadow. So, COVID-19 patients can take advantage of the raised level of oxygen. But, it is not useful to rest under the tree roofs at night. How the plantation of trees can be essential for a sustainable environment helps build remarkable procedures and is being discussed here. </p>

scholarly journals Effects of Underground Cavities on the Frequency Spectrum of Seismic Shear Waves

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lancioni ◽  
R. Bernetti ◽  
E. Quagliarini ◽  
L. Tonti
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Parametric Design ◽  
Shear Waves ◽  
Scattering Problem ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Seismic Shear ◽  
Underground Cavities ◽  
Free Wave Propagation

A numerical method is proposed to study the scattering of seismic shear waves induced by the presence of underground cavities in homogeneous soils. The method is based on the superposition of two solutions: the solution of the free-wave propagation problem in a uniform half-space, easily determined analytically, and the solution of the wave scattering problem due to the cave presence, evaluated numerically by means of an ad hoc code implemented by using the ANSYS Parametric Design Language. In the two-dimensional setting, this technique is applied to the case of a single cave, placed at a certain depth from the ground level. The frequency spectrum of the seismic shear oscillation on the ground surface is determined for different dimensions and depths of the cave and compared with the spectrum registered without caves. The influence of the cave dimensions and depth on the spectrum amplification is analyzed and discussed.

scholarly journals Assessing Natural Gas Versus CO2 Potential Underground Storage Sites in Greece: A Pragmatic Approach †

2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Vagia Ioanna Makri ◽  
Spyridon Bellas ◽  
Vasilis Gaganis
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Hydrocarbon Exploration ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Underground Storage ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Salt Caverns

Although subsurface traps have been regularly explored for hydrocarbon exploration, natural gas and CO2 storage has drawn industrial attention over the past few decades, thanks to the increasing demand for energy resources and the need for greenhouse gas mitigation. With only one depleted hydrocarbon field in Greece, saline aquifers, salt caverns and sedimentary basins ought to be evaluated in furtherance of the latter. Within this study the potential of the Greek subsurface for underground storage is discussed. An overview and re-evaluation of the so-far studied areas is implemented based on the available data. Lastly, a pragmatic approach for the storage potential in Greece was created, delineating gaps and risks in the already proposed sites. Based on the above details, a case study for CO2 storage is presented, which is relevant to the West Katakolo field saline aquifer.

scholarly journals Pilot test of study on brine injection into shallow formation for mitigating land subsidence in the Southern Kanto Gas Field in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 787-790
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Muraoka ◽  
Yuji Hayashi ◽  
Katsuhiro Nakamura ◽  
Toshiaki Yamaguchi ◽  
Kazunori Ono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Pilot Test ◽  
Formation Water ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Bottom Hole ◽  
Test Study ◽  
Water Formation ◽  
Brine Injection

Abstract. In the Southern Kanto Gas Field, natural gas dissolved in water has been produced for over 80 years. In order to produce the natural gas dissolved in water, formation water must be pumped from a reservoir in the gas field. The production of formation water is considered to be one of the causes of land subsidence. Because brine injection into shallow formations is expected to be effective to mitigate land subsidence, our association is planning to conduct the pilot test study. In this test, the production and injection of brine are going to be performed, and we will observe a deformation of the shallow formation and a change of ground level and the bottom hole pressure. As a result of these tests, if the land subsidence mitigation effect by injection into shallow formation is confirmed, it is expected that it will be connected to increased production and to reservoir management in consideration of land subsidence mitigation in the future.

Optimized Pressure Determined in Accordance with Variable Plunger Stroke of Internal Injector NGV

2017 ◽  
Vol 370 ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwon Se Kim ◽  
Doo Seuk Choi
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Analytical Model

Using an analytical model, a clear investigation was performed into the phenomenon of decreasing overall pressure and velocity of a plunger when its stroke within a natural gas injector changes. The results indicated the following mesh sizes from the mesh matrix: 0.0005 mm minimum, 12.7 mm maximum, 1,107,420 nodes, and 5,856,567 elements. Consequently, the pressure was affected by the stroke height from the designed plunger shape, and although the height of the plunger stroke changes over 0.150 mm, the absence of the phenomenon of pressure drop was noticeable.

Stability study and optimization design of small-spacing two-well (SSTW) salt caverns for natural gas storages

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 101131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Chen ◽  
Dan Lu ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Jinyang Fan ◽  
Deyi Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
Salt Caverns ◽  
Small Spacing
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document